Representation Of Chapter 10, Race And Ethnicity - 1846 Words

One movie representation of Chapter 10, Race and Ethnicity, is seen in Lee Daniel’s The Butler. The Butler was released to the public on August 16, 2013. Though the character storyline is inaccurate, the movie is based off of Eugene Allen and his experience working in the White House from the Truman era to the Reagan era. Cecil Gaines, who is the representation of Allen in the movie, narrates the story. Cecil consistently uses the term us, rather than a pronoun, implying that he is speaking for all African Americans going through this time. The movie shows the encounters between the white and black population as well as several different internal conflicts going on within the African American community during the Civil Rights movement. The first scene of the movie shows two young African Americans dead hanging from a tree, and a quote from Martin Luther King Jr. appears saying, â€Å"darkness cannot drive out darkness. Only light can do that.† This is foreshadowing the implication that fighting violence with violence is not going to provide relief from discrimination. The movie starts with Cecil Gains as a young boy, living with his mother and father on a plantation farm. The way that slaves living on the plantation viewed the white community was best described from a statement Cecil’s father made: â€Å"its his world, we’re just living in it.† The plantation scene shows the two personalities of plantation owners by providing two characters, an elderly mother and her son, withShow MoreRelatedYou Can t Write An Honest Novel About Race1492 Words   |  6 PagesChimamanda Adichie writes in her 2013 novel Americanah: â€Å"You can’t write an honest novel about race in this country. If you write about how people are really affected by race, it’ll be too obvious† (335). Americanah, however, is a novel full of social commentary on race and how it affects the lives of black immigrants, especially female immigrants. Adichie is aware of how race and gender work alongside each other and shape someone’s experi ence. The main protagonist of the story, Ifemelu constantlyRead MoreThe Transformation Of The Role Of Media Production On Race And Ethnicity Over A Century3003 Words   |  13 Pages(Question 2) In today’s society, media representation are constructed, as a â€Å"Systems of representation are the means by which the concerns of ideologies are framed to create ways of looking at texts.† (Edwards, 2003). Yet, these represented practices could see as â€Å"stereotyping† in questions of power. (Hall, 1997) To discuss how media represent information further, this essay is going to investigate on the transformation of modes of media production in race and ethnicity over a century. To investigate theRead MoreAre Juries Fair13501 Words   |  55 PagesAre juries fair? Cheryl Thomas Ministry of Justice Research Series 1/10 February 2010 Are juries fair? Cheryl Thomas This information is also available on the Ministry of Justice website: www.justice.gov.uk/publications/research.htm Constitution and Access to Justice – Analytical Services supports effective policy development and delivery within the Ministry of Justice by providing high-quality social research, statistics and economic analysis to influence decision-making andRead MoreRacial Injustice And Police Violence1611 Words   |  7 Pagesof life, from celebrities like Beyonce and Charles Barkley to normal citizens, have engaged in a national over the Ferguson decision. News about Ferguson has dominated social media and the whole nation has become involved in this conversation about race and justice. On December 13, 50,000 people participated in the Millions March in New York City to express their frustration about racial injustice and police violence, one of many protests to have taken place across the country since the decision wasRead More(Why) Are Women Paid Less?1014 Words   |  5 Pageshigher than the ratio of men, there should be a clear incentive for hiring women. There has been a major discussion over the passed years about the questions around whether women and minorities are being wage-discriminated on the basis of their sex/ethnicity. This paper will elaborate on the part of women. In the 1950’s one third of the US workforce was made out of women compared to today where two thirds are females. Apparently, this can be seen as a result of more women entering the labor market, whetherRead MoreRace And Racism : Racism1777 Words   |  8 Pagespaper will examine how race and racism plays in a role in today’s society, like which races are giving more opportunities because of their skin color, and is racism still a big part of today’s world like it was back in the early 1900s or are we turning a blind eye to racism? We will also take a look into racial oppression in today’s society and how it is playing out in our lives. We will not only look into how African Americans deal with racism in everyday life but also other races that face racis m becauseRead MoreAmerican Political Culture And Its Representation Of Democracy, Equality, Individualism, And Liberty1485 Words   |  6 Pages†, even demonstrated that African Americans receive differential treatment when searching for employment (Bertrand and Mullainathan 2004, 1011). Likewise, a 2015 poll found that about 1 in 10 Hispanics, half of whom in the sample were born in the United States, have faced discrimination due to their ethnicity in their workplace, when dealing with the police, or while obtaining healthcare (McCarthy 2015). However, despite these reinforcements of a white hegemony, such inegalitarian practices haveRead MoreModern Britain Essay3887 Words   |  16 Pagesin their independent reading. In short, seminars should be considered as a forum for discussion. Assessment: The course is assessed through a combination of coursework, essay and examination as follows: †¢ Four pieces of course work, worth 10% each (500-700 words) †¢ One essay 35% (2000 words) †¢ One exam 25% (2 hours) Course work: 1 assignment on your expectations of Britain (completed before you arrive) 3 assignments on your fieldtrips Assignments will be givenRead MoreAccording To Elliss Preface, Explain What Is So Phenomenal About The Founding Of The United States1747 Words   |  7 PagesHonors US History I: Summer Reading Assignment Chapter Summary Questions Preface: The Generation 1. According to Ellis’s preface, explain what is so phenomenal about the founding of the United States? One reason why the founding of the US is so phenomenal is because the founding fathers were able to create a nation with a government, out of people who were against any type of political power (due to all previous corrupted rulers). There were also many people who were against the idea of a â€Å"bandRead MoreContent Analysis Paper On The Poor And The Rich2118 Words   |  9 Pagesseem to look at, for example â€Å"Minimum wage buys less than it did in the 1950s†, this is a disgrace, and we are more advanced in technology and still have so many poor people in our country. He tells that the top 10% didn’t always have all the wealth, â€Å"In between 1947 and 1973, the richest 10% got 32% of the nation’s wealth.† He tells us to imagine a country where more jobs are keeping people in poverty, instead of out of poverty and homelessness is growing among working families. This article talks

The Painful Price Of Lies - 1414 Words

The Painful Price of Lies Guy de Maupassant, writer of â€Å"The Necklace†, is a renowned French short story author from the 19th century. Considered to have died at a young age from poor mental health, he still produced several short stories and six novels (e.g., biography.com). Guy de Maupassant is an author who can write in great dept with such little space. â€Å"The Necklace† is just one of his many great works that has his consistent technique. This particular short story is about a nice-looking and charismatic woman, named Mathilde Loisel. She is unpleased with her life and she wants a lot more. She desires a wealthy person’s lifestyle, and the things she does to accomplish her goals causes her constant worry. Her husband, Monsieur Loisel, inherits two tickets to the Ministerial Ball. Mr. Loisel is a man that is willing to do anything and everything for his wife, no matter the grievance it causes for him. Mr. Loisel then gives her money to purchase an acceptable dress; after she co mplains that she has not a thing to wear. The elegant ball dress that she now has is not enough, and she insists that she must have some trinkets. She receives a scornful suggestion, from Monsieur Loisel, to ask Madame Forestier for a piece of jewelry. Mme. Forestier is a woman who for the most part seems very wealthy and really fashionable, and she is the exact kind of woman Mrs. Loisel wants to imitate. After Mme. Loisel borrows a diamond necklace, her temporal happiness is short lived when sheShow MoreRelatedFinancing The Failing U.s. Healthcare System1515 Words   |  7 Pageswithin the U.S. healthcare model including the method of, and who is reimbursing the providers. The method of reimbursement determines which party will bear the greater financial risk and can lead to an excess supply of medical services that drive up prices and provide no additional benefit to individual consumers because of producer and consumer moral hazard. To maintain a sound healthcare market government regulation is required in the current U.S. healthcare system because it would otherwise failRead MoreMassage Therapy Is So Popular Today1612 Words   |  7 Pagesuncommon. It has a modern shape to it, that definitely would not match furniture had he set it up in our living room. At any rate though, the chair was new, it was top of the line at the time, and he HAD to have it. On the arm rests the chairs remote lies, here you can adjust the chair to lean back, or forward, and this is also where you choose which type of massage you would like. The on off switch is also located on the left side of the chair. My Use: Of course he did not let anyone on it untilRead MoreSlave ry And The End Of Freedom912 Words   |  4 Pageslives rapidly changed when Europeans arrived in their homeland. The early sixteen hundreds was the beginning of slavery and the end of freedom for many Africans. Getting shipped into a new country against your will would certainly be a traumatic and painful adjustment. The Africans had to overcome unfathomable obstacles just to survive the journey to America. Slavery was just gaining popularity in this time period, seeing as newly founded colonials in America were looking for labor to assist in farmingRead MoreThe Global Financial Crisis Has Caused A Massive Deterioration Of Public Finances1465 Words   |  6 Pageseuro area was able to comply with the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). Public debt in the euro area increased from 65% to 85% of GDP between 2007 and 2010. This debt crisis was certainly foreseeable, but the difficulty with the debt of the states lies in the history that can be made for each country, notably Greece, Ireland, Spain, Italy and Portugal. In fact, all countries have followed different paths and today they are burdened with debts more or less important that have multiple causes. TheRead MoreIgnorance, Ignorance And Ignorance1136 Words   |  5 Pages(Ness, 209), can a person finally relieve themselves of the burden of ignorance. Why would a person act so brash and fail to acknowledge reality? Well, as the yew tree monster puts it, â€Å"Your mind will believe comforting lies while also knowing the painful truths that make those lies necessary. And your mind will punish you for believing both† (Ness, 212). It is easier to believe what one wants to hear than the reality of the situation. The need to feel belonging is also an influencer in the is ignoranceRead MoreBody Language And Nonverbal Communication1624 Words    |  7 Pagestears speaking of something painful. You can get an idea of what others think of you by the nonverbal signals they produce. You know that someone is happy to see you if they welcome you with open arms. You can also evaluate someone s reaction to obtain the positive or negative feedback and use it to your advantage. For example, a car salesman shows a customer the price of a vehicle. If the client draws air through his teeth and turned away, it is likely to think the price is too high. The seller hasRead MorePrice of Freedom in Ibsens A Dolls House Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesThe Price of Freedom in A Dolls House   Ã‚   Freedom is something that people in all times, places, and experiences have sought after, often against great odds and at a great personal cost. But, in the struggle for freedom, every person gains a sense of true self, if they believe that the freedom which they are fighting for is just. In almost all plays, every character has something threatened which is important to them and which they consider worth fighting for. In Henrik Ibsens play ARead MoreEssay on Foreclosure Crisis- The Result of Unserviceable Debt1588 Words   |  7 Pagescaused by too much cheap money loaned to people who were not sound credit risks to buy homes they could not afford. When home prices are completely out of line with wages and people who would normally have a hard time getting a friend to loan them $20 are able to take out interest-only loans to buy over-priced housing, something is very, very wrong. While it may be painful for many people, the real estate market collapsing, including thousands of inevitable foreclosures, is not a crisis, but ratherRead MoreThe Death Of The Barn Essay1543 Words   |  7 Pagesand she said that her name is Elsie, and you milk her every morning at exactly 8:30. And then I spoke to the sheep... And immediately, cutting the salesman off in midsentence, the farmer yelled, Those sheep are lying! Isn t it true that we hear lies every day? Just think about it. Visit a hospital and you ll hear a lie: The doctor will be with you in a minute. Visit a dentist and you ll hear a lie: This won t hurt a bit. Visit a car dealership and you ll hear a lie: We re barely makingRead MoreThe Allegory Of The Cave Essay975 Words   |  4 Pages† When the prisoner is able to escape the cave, he is enlightened, or in the case of Neo in the matrix, unplugged. Absolutely everything that they thought was so, is now in question and it becomes apparent that the attainment of truth will be a painful process. After Neo chooses to take the path of the red pill and he inquires to Morpheus â€Å"why do my eyes hurt?† in which Morpheus replies â€Å"because you ve never used them before† Similarly, Socrates describes the prisoners exodus from the cave to Glaucon

Human sexuality Essay Example For Students

Human sexuality Essay Outline F. Vaginal Contraception Sponge 4. Advantages and Disadvantages IV. Sexually Transmitted Diseases The reproduction system is made up of the male and female organ that are involved in the regenerative process. This involves the forming of reproductive cells, conception, sex determination and developments, gestation, birth and patterns of inheritance. A. Ovulation is the release of a female egg. I occurs in the middle of every menstrual cycle. The egg enters the fallopian tube on its way to the uterus. If it is not fertilized by male sperm then it is passed in the menstrual flow. B. Fertilization is when the sperm make their way up the fallopian tube to the egg. A single sperm makes its way into the egg and then a protective barrier is formed. The other sperm then push the egg down the fallopian tube. C. Gestation is the full amount of time that a mother is pregnant. This term lasts about 38 weeks. Gestation is the full the full amount of time that the baby is growing inside the mother. D. Birth. Their are several different ways to birth a baby. Three of them are cesarean section, lamaze, and breach. A cesarian section is when the doctor makes an incision in the lower abdomen, then makes an incision in the uterus and removes the baby. Lamaze is when the mother uses special types of breathing techniques to get through birth. Drugs are usually not used. Breach birth is when the baby is born feet first, or buttox may come first. Usually the doctor will go to a c-section if they see that the baby is positioned this way. A. Abstinence, abstinence is just when a person decides not to have sex. 1. What is it? It is a pill that a female has to take every day if she chooses this method. 2. What it does? It tells the body that the woman is pregnant when she is not, therefor no egg is released. 3. Effectiveness? The pill is 99% effective. 4. Advantages and Disadvantages? Some advantages are continuous noncontraceptive protection, it is reversible, and it has some noncontraceptive health benefits. Some disadvantages are, the pill must be taken every day, it increases the risk of blood clots and heart attack, it could also cause spotting between periods. 5. Who can use it? Any female who is sexually active and has no difficulties with it. 6. How is it used? It is a pill that is taken orally every day. 1. What is it? A small contraceptive device that fits inside the uterus. 2.What it does? It prevents pregnancy by keeping a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus. 3. Effectiveness? It is 99% effective. 4. Advantages and Disadvantages? Some advantages are continuous contraceptive protection for up to 10 years, and there is no need to worry about forgetting daily. Some disadvantages are, it may be expelled or perforate uterus, it may increase PID risk for some women. 5. Who can use it? Anyone whos doctor says it is okay. 6. How is it used? A doctor inserts the device and leaves it in, the person can have it in as long as 10 years. 1. What is it? A condom is a piece of rubber that fits over the penis. 2. What it does? The condom acts like a bag. It holds the sperm in the tip. 3. Effectiveness? A condom alone is 88-98% effective. 4. Advantages and Disadvantages? Some advantages are that they are easy to obtain, they are the best method to prevent the spread of STDs, there are good results when used with spermicide. Some disadvantages are that it could reduce sensation and it could break. Belize Guatamala territory dispute Essay This however comes to no surprise to Barbara Smuts who concludes that non-human primates are just as complex and subtle on a social level as we are. Non-human primates from this example can be as complicated and confusing in their actions as humans are. Although, one could also conclude that only .

R.E. Construction Its Now or Never Essay Example

R.E. Construction: Its Now or Never Essay The fact hat he was directly supervising all operations in his firm; itll be an additional pain in the neck for him to add civil engineers. On the other hand, hiring them would be of great help as for his continuously growing firm. DRP. Thomas C. Schlemiel, a consultant and author of Construction Contractors Survival Guide, once quoted; While Im not anti-groom, growth has been associated with most of the 10 common element of contractor failure. This statement would simply imply the risk you have to take after making a simple decision with regards to your growing business. If you begin to take larger jobs as method of growth, all of these jobs are simply larger than those youve done before, and theres additional financial risk. However, if you take traditional job of the same size youve been doing, youre taking work you commonly do and youre comforts blew with. You might feel that your business his continuously growing, but as a businessman, you must not only rely to that feelings. You have to conduct first a thorough review on your firms status. Check first if it is really gaining profit intensively, then thats the time the decision process will comes in. We will write a custom essay sample on R.E. Construction: Its Now or Never specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on R.E. Construction: Its Now or Never specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on R.E. Construction: Its Now or Never specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Supervising all operations on your own firm is a very effective strategy in managing your business well. But if your business is really on track of growing it would be advisable also to hire someone who will do that job instead. Someone you think has a capability of doing it so and someone you can trust or reek on. Itll lessen your burdens and itll give you an opportunity to focus on the things you need to improve within your firms system. You can also ask your employees suggestion as to whats their opinion with regards to that problem. If a company has been stable for a while and profitable, then o grow and do more of it makes sense. Schaeffer Case Analysis Advantages in hiring Four Additional Civil Engineers More clients can be accommodated by their firm Can lessen the duties and responsibilities of his present six full-time civil engineers Increased in profit due to increased in cements Disadvantages in hiring Four Additional Civil Engineers Additional cost for the 4 civil engineers salary. Largest scope of things to supervise as for Anger. Establishes side Financial risk If Anger. Establishes firm is really earning profit well and is continuously rowing, it would be best for him to hire four additional civil engineers. Aside from it will bring more client to his firm. It will also be an additional profit for his firm. Taking risk is an essential in a growing business. If he wants his business to expand and to be successful, he should be strong enough to take the risk. With regard to his problem if he can still supervise all operations in his firm, proper organizations of works would be the best solution for it so? Hiring a supervisor who is qualified enough to do that job instead would be his best solution to that problem.

Free Essays on Procrastination

Procrastination is more than just a negative custom that needs to be weeded out of society; it is also a clichà ©Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ a small-talk joke, boast, or complaint. After all, we all do it. Most everybody I know is willing to admit it is an exasperating problem in their life, and would benefit from a course in How to Eliminate Procrastination, but say they have to much to catch-up on, and will take it later. There are many underlying issues and causes of procrastination. Lack of relevance and interest is two of the most common causes. While perfectionism having extremely high standards, which are almost unreachable is another problem all together. Evaluation, anxiety, ambiguity, fear of failure and self-doubt, fear of success, inability to handle the task, lack of information needed to complete the task, environmental conditions, physical conditions, moreover, and anxiety over expectations that others have of you, are all very serious causes of procrastination. Poor time management is a great cause of procrastination. Procrastination means not managing time wisely. One may be uncertain of one's priorities, goals, and objectives. Procrastinators may also be overwhelmed with the task. As a result, they keep putting off the assignments for a later date, or spending a great deal of time with your friends or worrying about upcoming examination, class project and additional papers rather than completing them.... Free Essays on Procrastination Free Essays on Procrastination Have you ever put something off to the last minute†¦such as a project or a paper? I’m sure at some point in your life you have. You may procrastinate more than you realize. Procrastination is one of the main reasons that so many companies lose money and you don’t want to be the one losing money for your company. However there are solutions to procrastination and it can be overcome. Today we are going to talk about identifying underlying issues that cause procrastination, developing solutions, and overcoming procrastination. IDENTIFY UNDERLYING ISSUES Discover your pattern of procrastinating and make a note of it. One reason you procrastinate is because of fear. Sometimes you may fear the task or project at hand because you have to move out of your comfort zone. Becoming aware of your fear can enable you to eliminate it. Perfectionism is one of the more common reasons for procrastinating. Perfectionists avoid starting because they fear they will fall short of their highest standard. If they avoid starting they never have to worry about imperfections in the end if the task isn’t done. Crisis Making- one who thrives on adrenaline. Cannot get motivated until the very last moment. Infuriates friends and colleagues and makes you look bad in the process. Expectation anxiety. Stop becoming a better person for other people and realize that the person you are is just fine. Your faults can be wonderful teachers and weaknesses are just hidden strengths. Accept yourself and always do your best. Overextenders often have the har dest time recognizing themselves because everything is important. Set goals for what is to be done and when, break goals into smaller sub-goals. DEVELOPING SOLUTIONS. Face procrastination head on. Ask yourself what is blocking you? Write it down/ record it. This exercise should help you begin. Choose to easily begin. Making this choice is often enough to get you going. In National Public Acco... Free Essays on Procrastination I’m what most people might call lazy, lethargic, and a procrastinator. How did it start? The first specific instance that I can remember was in 5th grade math class. I didn’t do my math. My mentality was that school consumed more then half of my waking hours and I wasn’t going to let it take anymore then that. So my assignments were partially completed, from the day before, and handed in unfinished. I knew that my parents and teachers would raise hell itself when I did this but my mind wouldn’t waiver on this. Since I had been able to get through all of grade school without homework why should I have any now? Great reasoning for a 5th grader, but this thinking contained a few flaws. To start out, there are 3 types of people in the world. The first kind will generally always try their best and be a competitor in life. They treat life as a marathon that needs a steady vigil pace to complete. The second is the person the will try to complete the absolute bear minimum to survive and occasionally misjudges what is needed done. The third and final is the person that absolutely cannot find any reason to try at all and hope for the best to come to them but never actively seek it. This is the lowest form of life that will suckle away your money, forgiveness, and love never sharing it back with you. To thoroughly understand the three classes of people, a more detailed analysis is needed. The first kind is the ideal person. One, which all parents and communities hope to produce. They are considered the leaders, overachievers, and well standing citizens. The second class is the C student of life. They’re the average person who occasionally does exceptional work but for the most part will be in the shadows of the first class. Procrastination and laziness is most common to occur in this class and becomes extreme when we reach the third class. The 3rd class no longer tries or cares too much about their life to do anything about their... Free Essays on Procrastination Procrastination is more than just a negative custom that needs to be weeded out of society; it is also a clichà ©Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ a small-talk joke, boast, or complaint. After all, we all do it. Most everybody I know is willing to admit it is an exasperating problem in their life, and would benefit from a course in How to Eliminate Procrastination, but say they have to much to catch-up on, and will take it later. There are many underlying issues and causes of procrastination. Lack of relevance and interest is two of the most common causes. While perfectionism having extremely high standards, which are almost unreachable is another problem all together. Evaluation, anxiety, ambiguity, fear of failure and self-doubt, fear of success, inability to handle the task, lack of information needed to complete the task, environmental conditions, physical conditions, moreover, and anxiety over expectations that others have of you, are all very serious causes of procrastination. Poor time management is a great cause of procrastination. Procrastination means not managing time wisely. One may be uncertain of one's priorities, goals, and objectives. Procrastinators may also be overwhelmed with the task. As a result, they keep putting off the assignments for a later date, or spending a great deal of time with your friends or worrying about upcoming examination, class project and additional papers rather than completing them....

Critically analyse the link between open frontiers and the p essays

Critically analyse the link between open frontiers and the p essays Non-harmonisation of indirect taxes within the EU is a problem Brussels appears to be having much difficulty dealing with. Taxation upon fuel, tobacco and alcohol, as well as Value Added Tax (VAT) are but some of the categories that fall under the banner of indirect taxation, and with each respected sovereign state within the EU currently adopting their own policy on such matters it can be easily understood how in a proposed free market problems are arising. Open frontiers can be linked to the problem as it is widely acknowledged and viewed on a daily basis that by visiting various countries within the EU, citizens can make savings upon products they would have previously bought at home, costing their respected governments vast amounts in lost revenue from the taxation, whilst at the same time benefiting the country where the products were purchased. The differences are negatively affecting business throughout the EU and are clearly a barrier to free trade that needs to be addres sed. Open frontiers and the principle of free movement go hand in hand. Free movement is part of the social charter and a success story for the European Union, citizens have the right to work or create a business in any EU state, and therefore open frontiers are necessary. Perhaps, the lack of harmonisation is a fault not caused by open frontiers, but one that is merely exploited while such discrepancies exist. Harmonisation of not just indirect, but all taxes is clearly the aim for the Union, as then more barriers to trade will have been cleared, creating a level playing field for the whole of Europe, and thus allowing further economic potential to be filled. VAT levels throughout the EU vary from as little as 15% in Luxembourg, to as high as 25% in Denmark, with all other states residing in the area between. Many throughout Europe abuse these differences. It is naturally beneficial for a businessman to buy his goods from a country tha...

Operation management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Operation management - Essay Example There has been increasing competition in the market place and organisations are looking for different methods to improve and enhance the overall productivity and performance.The output or final results are dependent on the efficiency and effectiveness of the operations. In this paper, an attempt has been made to understand the business operations and processes with the help of a case study. By exploring and analysing the business operations of the company presented in the case study it will become easy to understand the practical implications of the operations management tools and techniques and at the same time it will be easy to comprehend the different issues and challenges which are being faced by the organisations in the quest of improving the overall operations and activities of the organisation. Operations Management is the field of business which deals with managing the resources of the business that will be used to produce the output of the business (Schemenner, 1984). This field deals with the creation of a transformation system which takes the business inputs and uses the business process to produce the business output (Schonberger and Knod, 1991). This field also produces the controlling protocols for the transformation process (Gaither, 1984). These protocols consist of: layout strategy, operations strategy, and design strategy, which are augmented by a planning stage. Examples of most common operations include: retail operations, banking operations, manufacturing operations and etc (Flint, Larsson, Gammelgaard, and Mentzer, 2005). Operations management also help the company in the planning of the following aspects of the business (Chase and Aquilano, 1977): Capacity Inventory Supply Chain Quality Failure Prevention and Recovery By helping the company answer questions related to these domains, operations management enable the company to become more productive and effective in its operations and resource utilisation. Thereby, enhancing the companyâ €™s chances of survival in its marketplace and later go on to strengthen it place in its market (Fugate Mentzer, and Stank, 2010). One important element in this regard is of the planning and control. It is important for the organisations to carefully plan and control all operations and materials input in order to make sure that the final output or result is according to the demand and requirements in the market (Fitzsimmons, and Fitzsimmons, 2007). ANALYSING THE OPERATIONS OF A FROZEN VEGETABLE FACTORY: Business Analysis: Overview of the Company and Market: The company is operating in the frozen vegetable industry; it is backed by a strong specialist food group. As the group philosophy suggests that it focuses on speciality food segments, the factory’s operations are consistent with this philosophy. The factory produces a range of frozen vegetables like: carrots, cauliflowers, beans, peas, petit poi’s, broccoli, and sprouts. Most of the factory’s output cons ists of peas, which undergoes a very tedious process before a final version for the customers is available. The peas market is highly competitive and is dominated by five players. One of the players in this market is privately owned and is most of the time involved in changing the dynamics of the competition. It does this by reducing its profit margins, and thereby price, which leads to an increase in the number of customers going to this supplier of peas. However, major variables which influence the demand for peas include the quality and size of the harvest. The price of a

NHRDA (National Hot Rod Diesel Association) Essay

NHRDA (National Hot Rod Diesel Association) - Essay Example Also, since the diesel powered vehicles were replacing the gas powered vehicle, this offered an even greater chance for growth. This trend will further continue since diesel power vehicles seem to be far more efficient and also powerful as compared to other counterparts. The NHRDA is still striving to place all related products as well as the companies associated with the series on quite a high profile and at the same time offering awareness to the potential consumers to add to the returns. The NHRDA was initiated with one single event which was held at the west coast during the 2004, which has now been evolved to 6 Divisional point series which is held across North America. This event culminates with National Points championship along with World Finals competition. Since its founding, the sole aim has been to make Diesel Motorsports as one of the national pastimes for the motorsports enthusiasts. Nowadays, the NHRDA popularity has taken a whole new turn. Back in 2012, the NHRDA managed to televise around 5 marque events all over National TV via various mediums including Fox Sports Net, USTREAM.tv and also 1320go.com. The enhancement in the exposure has added towards further generating success for the racing series and so for those sponsoring the event as well. The NHRDA is unmatched for the commitment towards working in liaison with the leading distributors, manufacturers, and also installation shops functional over the diesel performance industry in an effort to promote awareness for the products. NHRDA is a world class organization which promotes as well as organizes Diesel Drag Races Show n Shines, Sled Pulls, the Burnout Contests and Dyno competitions. The events are held exclusively over NHRA tracks, where it is crucial to follow Official NHRA Regulations. The results being yielded have been quite promising with an average growth rate

The Conquest of Mexico Essay Example for Free

The Conquest of Mexico Essay We all know that to a story there are always two sides. The story can have a great change depending on what side is telling the story. We can argue the same thing to the devastating Spanish conquest of Mexico. That was Stuart B. Schwartz, a Professor at Yale University main objective to give the reader a detailed view of the Spanish conquest of Mexico both by the Nahua and the Spanish perspective presenting a balanced and fair collection of European and Native American sources complemented by his own expert analysis. Victors and Vanquished demonstrates that personal interest, class and ethnic biases, and political opinions can influence the interpretation of events. While the tragic events still lead to the Spanish conquest both sides of the story recall the motivations of the conquest from very distinct ways, in addition I think that it is important to look at the greed and lies to the Spanish conquest. Schwartz in the introduction provides the reader with a comprehensive description of the Mesoamerica and Spanish society. This includes the end of the Classic Era and how Mexica Empire rose to power and how it expanded through all of Central America. The most notable theme in the whole story is the greed and lies that almost every single character represents in the story. The Mexica for example make the foundation of Tenochtitlan where there is estimated that is was occupied by more 150,000 people. The Mexica sacrifices and torture people from other tribes making them the most dominate empire of Central Mexico their city Tenochtitlan was a great example of this too â€Å"Gazing on such wonderful sights, we did not know what to say, or whether what appeared before us was real.† Bernal Diaz knew the Mexica Empire was one of the most beautiful things he had ever seen. Weren’t the Mexica people greedy too? They sacrificed people, children and animals to their God Huitzilopochtli, Tlà ¡loc, Huehueteotl and Tezcatlipoca to obtain what they needed. On the other side of the world the Spanish had been fighting for Catholicism most of the European countries were converted to Christianity. Popes dominated the society but they as the same King and lowest rank solider had the same vision, Money and power. Conquistadores had been traveling around the world trying to find lucrative amount of goal, taking over territories sometimes already occupies, and making the native people slaves to their commands. Bernal Diaz in his second writing speaks of Hernan Cortez setting foot in Tenochtitlan and meeting with some representatives of Montezuma. Diaz describes the encounter differently of the real intentions of Cortez. He explains that Cortez treats the representative with kindness and leaves the representatives with a good impression of him. He says that he is there only to trade with the Indians and nothing else. Cortez believes that Montezuma has gold hidden somewhere and for this he sends back the representatives some presents Montezuma received these gifts but he desired not to be interview in other words he didn’t want asked questions instead he send Cortez fine gift a helmet filled with gold instead of making new friends Montezuma fell in trap that Cortez secretly desire to know if there were fine mines in Tenochtitlan. Therefore the Spanish conquest was not a massacre it was a well brought plan by the conquistadores full of lies and greed. The Mexica wouldn’t of fall into their plan if they too weren’t greedy and would just stick to their own cultivations and own resources.

Pouring Postmodernism into the Computer :: Internet Technology Essays

Pouring Postmodernism into the Computer "I can't define it, but I know it when I see it," has become a standard reply to questions that are hard to answer, now serving as the definition of more than just pornography. Postmodernism seems to at times share this elusive definition. To paraphrase Lyotard, its refusal to take solace in and unified form and conventions are partly responsible for its apparently shapeless definition. Paraphrasing Sherry Turkle, computer culture realizes postmodern concepts, especially a realization of those concepts pertaining to the nature of the self (17-19). For Turkle and others, partaking in chat rooms, creating identities on the computer, and the structure of computer software itself all concretize a previously abstract set of postmodern concepts. Before summarizing segments of Turkle's Identity in the Age of the Internet, a short background on postmodern concepts of the self is helpful. Postmodern thought rejects the idea of a deeper self that can be discovered by rationally peeling away surface layers of that self. The idea that truth can be found by this process, on a personal level or in a narrative structure, is a point of contention. As Stephen Frosh says in Social Experience and the Constructed Self, "More generally, postmodernism opposes all tendencies to take refuge in any illusion of wholeness or of received wisdom†¦" (277). Thus, enlightenment-age scientific approaches to uncover knowledge fall under the "illusion of wholeness and received wisdom." Instead, postmodernism perceives the world through a large network of interconnected but meaningless things and experiences (Frosh, 282). Frosh's opinion of self and action is also revealing: "†¦gone is the differentiation between the self and its expression†¦.Meaning does not precede these practices, but is enigmatically created by them†¦" (280). This is to say that in the writing of a book for example, meaning is produced by the text. The author ceases to be a sort of creator, with a preconceived plan. The book's meaning is transitory, as readers may have several different experiences with a book, regardless of the author's intentions. Finally comes the idea of the self as a social construct. To make sense of the world around us, some have suggested that the self is created in order to give a reference point for existence. Self-construction gives our lives meaning because it allows us to make sense of what surrounds us. I am me. That house across the street is not me, neither are the people who live in that house. Pouring Postmodernism into the Computer :: Internet Technology Essays Pouring Postmodernism into the Computer "I can't define it, but I know it when I see it," has become a standard reply to questions that are hard to answer, now serving as the definition of more than just pornography. Postmodernism seems to at times share this elusive definition. To paraphrase Lyotard, its refusal to take solace in and unified form and conventions are partly responsible for its apparently shapeless definition. Paraphrasing Sherry Turkle, computer culture realizes postmodern concepts, especially a realization of those concepts pertaining to the nature of the self (17-19). For Turkle and others, partaking in chat rooms, creating identities on the computer, and the structure of computer software itself all concretize a previously abstract set of postmodern concepts. Before summarizing segments of Turkle's Identity in the Age of the Internet, a short background on postmodern concepts of the self is helpful. Postmodern thought rejects the idea of a deeper self that can be discovered by rationally peeling away surface layers of that self. The idea that truth can be found by this process, on a personal level or in a narrative structure, is a point of contention. As Stephen Frosh says in Social Experience and the Constructed Self, "More generally, postmodernism opposes all tendencies to take refuge in any illusion of wholeness or of received wisdom†¦" (277). Thus, enlightenment-age scientific approaches to uncover knowledge fall under the "illusion of wholeness and received wisdom." Instead, postmodernism perceives the world through a large network of interconnected but meaningless things and experiences (Frosh, 282). Frosh's opinion of self and action is also revealing: "†¦gone is the differentiation between the self and its expression†¦.Meaning does not precede these practices, but is enigmatically created by them†¦" (280). This is to say that in the writing of a book for example, meaning is produced by the text. The author ceases to be a sort of creator, with a preconceived plan. The book's meaning is transitory, as readers may have several different experiences with a book, regardless of the author's intentions. Finally comes the idea of the self as a social construct. To make sense of the world around us, some have suggested that the self is created in order to give a reference point for existence. Self-construction gives our lives meaning because it allows us to make sense of what surrounds us. I am me. That house across the street is not me, neither are the people who live in that house.

Physics of a Light Bulb

Physics of a Light Bulb Catherine Bellet Lab Partners: Natalie Russell Alex Harris TA: Chad Lunceford PHY 114 TH @ 2:25pm Abstract: Ohm’s law states, via the equation V=I*R, that the voltage found across a piece of material is proportional to the current. If the temperature remains constant therefore the resistance is found to remain constant. Stefan-Boltzmann law states that when the temperature if above an average of 1000K, then the relationship of voltage and current should be found to be consistent with the formula AT4.The experimental data found in this, Physics of a Light Bulb, experiment both correlates and verifies the Stefan-Boltzmann law. The voltage and current were found to be proportional to one another, verifying Ohm’s law. In addition, the fact that radiation away from the light bulb is indeed proportional to the fourth power of temperature was observed and again verified through a linear fit graph. The percent error found between the two experimental B v alues was found to be an average 6%. This showing proving that the experiment was decently accurate.Objective: To measure the relation between voltage and current in a small flashlight bulb; to determine the temperature of the filament; to verify the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. Procedure: Begin the experiment by correctly setting up the circuit. Using the DMM set, find the resistance of the cold filament of the bulb at room temperature. Open a pre-set experiment file, than connect the circuit to the bulb. Slowly increase the output signal from the power supply, as the voltage reaches 10V, immediately bring the power supply back down to zero.There should be an observed recorded data and graph in the experimental file. From the recording, highlight the resistance of the cold filament from the data which corresponds to the current ? 0. 08A. Apply a linear fit which in return will give the slope, which represents the bulb resistance. Copy and paste the recorded data into Graphica l Analysis, insert various calculated columns, in order to find the temperature of the hot filament and to test the relationship versus power and temperature. Repeat for a second set of data.Use the graphs to conclude if the Stefan-Boltzmann law is obeyed. Experimental Data: See attached graphs. Results: Resistance of Cold Filament| Experimental Bulb Resistance| % Difference| B1 from Graph1(W/K)| B2 from Graph2(W/K)| % Difference| Theoretical B (W/K)| % Error of B1| % Error of B2| 2. 5? | 2. 46? | 1. 61%| 4. 26| 3. 76| 12. 5%| 4| 6. 19%| 6. 33%| Data Analysis: Discussion: The objective of the lab, Physics of a Light Bulb, was to measure the relationship between voltage and current in a small light bulb, be able to determine the temperature of the filament. nd to verify the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. After completing the lab, the relationship between both the voltage and current was found to be linear, as long as the current is below or at 0. 08 A. This correlation proves Ohm ’s law therefore current through a metal conductor is proportional to the applied voltage. Through measurement and observations of the printed graphs, the temperature of the filament of the light bulb was found to be around the value of 1300K.Using the data supplied from the new calculated columns, the verification of the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation was proved to hold true. The law states that when the temperature is above an average value of 1000K, then the relationship between voltage and current is consistent with the formula AT4. When analyzing the curve fit of the power versus temperature graph, it is indeed observed that the experimental value given corresponds with the theoretical function that the power radiated away from the light bulb is surely proportional to the fourth power of temperature.The percent error observed for both experimental B values, when compared to the theoretical value of 4, shows to be an average of 6%, not a large value of error present. T herefore, the overall system present in the experiment proved to be both precise and accurate. Considering the percent difference between the two experimental resistors was found to be a mere 1. 61%. The percent difference between the two experimental B values was that of a higher value, 12. 5%.This may indeed have been caused by the fact that the sectioning of data for the second B value was less accurate than that of the first B value. Conclusion: At the conclusion of the experiment, Physics of a Light Bulb, the objective was surely met. The goal was to distinguish the relationship between voltage and current, as well as finding the temperature of the filament, and also to verify the Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. Through experimental values, it was observed that the relationship of voltage and current is found to be linear when the current is at or below 0. 8A. The temperature of the filament was also observed to be an average of about 1300K and greater. By taking the values of the Power versus Temperature graph, and creating a new Power versus Temperature raised to the fourth graph and thus applying a linear fit, the relationship of voltage and current was found to be consistent with AT4 and verifying Stefan-Boltzmann law of radiation. Current is indeed proportional to the applied voltage.

Twilight: Movie vs Book

The Twilight saga is a fantasy book that became even more popular with the movie that came out two years after the book. Twilight is about a teenage girl that brings danger to her life by falling in love with an immortal vampire. The book is written by Stephanie Meyer who has written 3 more books to the series. Even thought that the movie â€Å"Twilight† was based on the book it had a lot of differences and there were a lot of missing parts.One of the biggest differences is that the book is written from Bella's thoughts; it is really she who narrates the situations she is in. The reader gets to be Bella in a way and you find out everything she thinks and feels about Edward. Although in the movie reflects on both Bella and Edward, by watching the movie you don’t get the same feeling as in the book. If there are some private thoughts of Bella that the viewer must know about, you get them in the context of the story; it feels almost like Bella is writing a diary.Another im portant difference is how Bella finds out that Edward is a vampire. In the book, the school they are going in is having a dance and because Bella is not really that in to dancing she and Edward decide to go to Seattle, but the don’t even go to Seattle instead Edward takes Bella to the meadow and tells her what he is and he reveals himself in the sunlight so that she can see that he is sparkling in the sunlight.In the movie they are in front of their school preparing to go to class and Edward decides to go to the nearby forest, Bella went after him and she confessed that she knows what he is, Edward was surprised and he tries to scare her by showing himself in to the sunlight so that she can see that he is sparkling. However the book and the movie have a lot of similarities as well. The family dynamics are described very well. In the book Bella’s mother Rene is very eccentric and she cares a lot about Bella, even though she does not get more than a few minutes in the mo vie, you can easily see her personality.It is the same with Bella’s father Charlie, he did not spend much time with Bella when she was little and the awkwardness between them is described well in the book and in the movie. Altogether both the book and the movie follow the same storyline. As I mentioned earlier the movie is based on the book twilight and it is hard to miss that, they have the same method and all the important characters. I would recommend to read the book first and then watching the movie because the small differences in the movie are significant as of course that depends from the viewers.

The assessment and treatment of a diabetic ulcer with be discussed. The WritePass Journal

The assessment and treatment of a diabetic ulcer with be discussed. Introduction The assessment and treatment of a diabetic ulcer with be discussed. IntroductionThe phases of normal wound healing   Inflammation – a reaction to tissue damage / infection   Reconstruction – granulation tissue starts to form.   Epithelialisation – the wound becomes covered with epithelial cells.   Maturation – scar tissue starts to fade and blend in with the normal tissueCase StudyREFERENCESRelated Introduction For this tissue viability assignment the assessment and treatment of a diabetic ulcer with be discussed. Wound healing and it properties will also be mentioned in regards to holistic factors affecting the chosen patient (pt).   In accordance with the Health Professional Council (HPC) a standard of conduct, performance and ethics, a pseudonym has been used to protect the identity of the pt discussed (HPC 2008).  Ã‚   I certify that confidentiality has been maintained, for the purpose of this assignment the patient will be called Mr Sim.An ulcer is a defect effecting loss of epidermis and all or part of the dermis (Lookingbill Marks 1993).   The skin comprises of three layers, and is the largest organ in the body. The average adult has 21 square feet of skin   (2 sq m)   weighing up to 3.2 Kg (Benbow 2007). The three layers of the skin are, the Epidermis   this consists of dead skin cells which shed continuously and it protects against certain bacteria.   The epidermis also acts as a barrier to prevent evaporation and absorption of water.   The Dermal Layer consists of capillaries, sebaceous (oil) glands, sensory receptors which transmit sensations such as itch, pain and temperature, and hair follicles all held together by elastin and collagen. The Subcutaneous layer contains fat and connective tissue that houses larger blood vessels and nerves. This layer is important in the regulation of temperature of the skin itself and the body. The size of this layer varies throughout the body and from person to person (Brannon 2007). The skin is a complicated structure with many functions. If any of the structures in the skin are compromised through poor blood supply, trauma, surgery etc. a wound may develop. â€Å"A wound is a loss of continuity to the skin â€Å"states Dealey Cameron (2008) The phases of normal wound healing    Inflammation – a reaction to tissue damage / infection    Reconstruction – granulation tissue starts to form.    Epithelialisation – the wound becomes covered with epithelial cells.    Maturation – scar tissue starts to fade and blend in with the normal tissue Case Study The subject of this study is a male patient aged 69 years, for the purpose of this case study the patient will be referred to as Mr Sim.   Mr Sim attended as a new patient to the podiatry department at his local clinic complaining â€Å"something has been catching on my socks†. On examination of Mr Sim’s foot a large area of callus was observed on the plantar aspect of his right fifth toe (ball of foot under little toe) there was some brown discolouration due to extravasation (leakage of blood into the skin) indicating that there could be an ulcer under the callus. It was explained to Mr Sim that further assessment and treatment would be necessary to determine what and why the problem was occurring. The podiatry assessment tool was used to provide a holistic approach to assessment of medical history and social factors that may affect the foot health of the patient.   The tool has a systematic problem based approach to undertaking clinical assessment and a detailed history; it is similar in outlay to a Patient Orientated Medical Review (POMR).   Both the POMR and the podiatry assessment tool include a description of the presenting complaint which is an important part as it determines what the patient considers to be important and can be used to establish agreed expectations.   Both models include previous and current medical history including any operations, illnesses or injuries which is of high importance in wound healing as systemic disorders or medication can have a large impact on wound healing. Both assessment tools include a detail of any known allergies, any family traits and social factors such as smoking or drug taking.   The factors assessed in the above tools are recognised as being significant factors in wound healing. Rainey (2005) lists medication, illness, smoking, alcohol consumption and mobility as factors that affect wound healing.   In addition to the POMR the podiatry assessment tool focuses on the factors that may affect the patients foot health for example previous or current occupations, an appraisal of the patient’s footwear and assessment of patients gait, vascular assessment, condition of skin, skin colour, skin temperature as well as palpating pedal pluses. A neurological assessment using a 10 gram monofilament, which is the standard neuropathy test in primary and community care in the united kingdom since National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines for the management of the diabetic foot were published in 2004 (Boulton et al 2006).   However the podiatry assessment tool does not include an assessment of the nutritional status of a patient which has been regarded as a key factor affecting wound healing (Dealey 2005, Rainey 2005), and malnutrition is a very important cause in delaying the healing process (Morrison 1992). Using the podiatry assessment tool it was found that Mr Sim was diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes nine years ago and had recently moved to the area from abroad after losing his wife of to whom he was married to for forty four years, he now lives in the same road as his nephew.   Mr Sims has good control of his diabetes taking metformin 500m mg twice daily, his recent HBA1C was 7.3 % this is regarded as tight glycaemic control (Lee et al 2006) His nutritional status adequate, he reports no strong family history of diabetes or heart disease, he occasionally has a glass of red wine.   Mr Sims also takes medication to control hypertension (high blood pressure), bendroflumethiazide and aspirin, a cholesterol tablet as a precautionary method, and painkillers and antiflammatory treatment for osteoarthritis. He also mentioned that the pain in his back was increasing, and was taking a course of antibiotics for an infected cut on his hand obtained whilst gardening.   For some time now he ha d been experiencing bouts of tingling in both his hands and feet.   He expressed that he takes good care of himself never smoked, eats well and keeps active, and he states he has â€Å"an awareness of the importance of good footwear as I was in the army†. All patients with diabetes should receive an annual foot check by a trained health care professional (NICE 2004), this includes the application of a 10g monofilament to five points on each foot, to assess the protective sensation in the feet and the extent of any sensory neuropathy. Peripheral sensory neuropathy is thought to affect 20 – 40% of the population (McIntosh et al 2004) and is a major factor in the development of diabetic foot ulceration. Both feet were tested using the 10g monofilament this resulted in 0/5 probes being detected on both feet indicating peripheral neuropathy, however the dorsalis pedis and posterior tibialis were palpable in both feet, skin colour, texture and temperature and capillary refill was 2 seconds indicating good blood supply (Dealey 2005). Baker, Murali and Fowler (2005) state that the palpation of foot pulses is not a good indicator for a good blood supply.   A Doppler gives a more accurate result when assessing vascular status it assists the diagnosis by determining the presence or absence of a compromised arterial flow in the lower limb (Dughil 2006) Jeng et al (2000) concluded that if a person cannot identify the pressure from a 10g monofilament on their skin approximately 98% of the sensory ability has been lost. When the 10g monofilament is applied to the foot it buckles at a given force of 10g, inability to feel this is a significant indication that neuropathy is present and protective pain sensation is lost (Edmonds and Foster 2000). Neuropathy presents itself in various ways; motor, sensory and autonomic nerves are affected and there is no conclusive proof as to what causes neuropathy.   Factors such as high glucose levels can cause chemical changes, harming blood vessels, which supply oxygen, to tissue.   Motor neuropathy, causes abnormal foot pressures, the structure of the foot can change, giving abnormal pressure areas. Sensory neuropathy can give reduced sensation, masking pain, allowing for callus build up, and leading to ulceration.   Autonomic neuropathy, which leads to dehydration of the skin, is commonly known as arteriovenous shunting (A.V).   Neuropathy is detected by using a 10g monofilament. This is used on high pressure areas to detect if the patient can feel pain or not. These results, however, may not always be reliable, as they rely on patient feedback, therefore clinical judgement, must always be upheld at all times. Diabetes affects the vascular supply to the foot, leading to reduce or absent pulses, causing poor tissue viability, decreasing healing time. Excess glucose and cholesterol deposits in the lumen of blood vessels, reducing the diameter, which in turn, increases heart activity causing hypertension.   Aspirin is used as a prevention, it is classed as an anti-platelet drug which reduces platelet aggregation.   Aspirin inhibits enzyme COX, which reduces platelet production of TXA2, which is a powerful vasoconstrictor. Mr Johnson* is currently taking Atenolol, hypertensive drug as well as Aspirin to reduce the chances of thrombosis or MI. It was explained in detail to Mr Sim about the complications of diabetes and how it may affect the feet, during the discussion Mr Sim became upset about the loss of his wife, â€Å"she always looked after my feet particularly because of the diabetes†.   It was important to establish a good rapour with Mr Sim, as the lesion was causing him no discomfort apart from catching on his socks.   The recent loss of his wife, his back pain and hand infection had put a lot of stress on Mr Sim.   Depression is twice as likely to occur in people with diabetes and this can have a link to fluctuating blood sugar levels.   Mr Sim is also experiencing pain from his back and is still grieving about the death of his wife and coming to terms with living alone.   Stress is recognised as a factor in delaying wound healing (Dealey 2005; Glasser et al 1999; Kiecolt-Glasser et al 1995).   Cole-king and Harding (2001) found a statistically significant relationship between anxiety and depres sion and delayed in chronic wounds.   Communicating with patients can reduce anxiety and promote the natural healing process, conversely lack of communication may impair healing (Collier 1994) It was then explained to Mr Sim extenslevily about the lesion of his foot in regards to his general health without adding to his stress levels.   Education has proven to be vital in the management of diabetes (NICE) .   It was suggested that on debridement of the callus that there could possibly be foot ulcer, with Mr Sim’s consent the callus was removed using sharp debridement an ulcer was revealed.   The ulcer measured 1cm x 1cm and probed to a depth of 5mm to tendon but not to bone, the base of the was ulcer was sloughy and yellow and appearance showed no sign of infection, sharp debridement was   used   very carefully to remove slough.   Slough in the base of an ulcer is an ideal breeding ground for bacteria which increases the risk of infection and delays healing (Rainey 2005).  Ã‚   If infection was noted healing will be delayed and may spread to surrounding tissue or bone. At the time of assessment Mr Sim’s ulcer showed no signs of infection, althou gh he was taking a course of antibiotics for the infection in the wound on his hand. Diabetic problems such as peripheral ischemia or neuropathy can mask signs of infection this was considered on assessment. The wound following sharp debridement was flat and pink, this was significant as rolled edges would indicate infection. The condition of the skin was dry and showed no signs of maceration. The use of tool to grade the ulcer can provide objectivity and help with communication between health professionals.   The tool used in this study was EPUAP European Pressure Ulcer Advisory System 1998, in this case the ulcer was caused by excess pressure   over an area affected by peripheral sensory neuropathy.   There are many wound classification systems including SAD, SINBAD and PEDIS, however the EPUAP grading system was protocol for this particular community trust.   The ulcer was classified as a grade four pressure ulcer which is described as extensive destruction tissue necrosi s, or damage to muscle, bone or supporting structure with or without full thickness loss. The choice of dressing being â€Å"Activon Honey Tulle† produced by Advancis medical the gauze is impregnated with pure Manuka honey, this was used firstly to complete the debridement autolyticly.   Secondly for the antimicrobial purposes and its aid to deslough and control odour in the wound.   Benbow (2008) states a mosit environment is essential for optimal wound healing.   Other dressings are considered also for their topical antimicrobial agents, such as Iodine and Silver.   Iodine was an option although none where available in Clinic.   Iodine is a popular choice for the use in Podiatry. Silver dressings are more expensive than the honey and also should only be used when there is clinical sighs of infection (British national Formulary: BNF, Nov 2009), so, as in Mr Sim’s case there was no signs.   The secondary dressing was a foam dressing designed to absorb and retain any wound exudate to stop the wound from becoming macerated and inhibiting wound heal ing. ‘Biatain’ was the dressing choice as this is one of the foam dressings used in the clinics.   This was needed as the Activion Tulle does not have any absorption properties.   These dressing were held in place with ‘Mefix’ an adherent tape.   Mr Sim was given instructions to keep the dressing clean and dry until his next appointment Holistically the treatment plan was to contact Mr Sim’s, G.P regarding his depression over the loss of his wife, and referral to the local diabetes centre.   A lengthy discussion was held on the importance of good footwear and changing shoes regularly, as although Mr Sim’s shoes where good shoes they were very old and the innersole had worn out penetrating to the outer sole (hole in bottom of shoe).   A total contact insole referral was made to relieve the pressure long term.   Temporally a pad was mad to deflect pressure away from the ulcer overlying the dressing in situ.   Effective reduction in pressure relief is essential to heal a diabetic foot ulcer and to prevent reoccurrence (Armstrong et al 2001).   A education booklet was supplied titled Diabetic foot Ulcer, if a patient has the knowledge and understanding of their treatment plan they are More likely to comply (Dowsett 2004). Mr Sim was as asked to return to clinic in five days as part of his dressing regime, he reported he had an appointment with the G.P the following day to discuss his depression. He had also received a letter from the diabetes centre with an appointment for the following week.   The NSF (National Service Framework) and NICE the National Institute for Clinical Excellence set standards and put polices in place for every health care professional to follow, all patients with diabetes present with an ulcer must be referred on to a multidisciplinary team to receive the best care possible. The multidisciplinary team consists highly trained podiatrist, diabetologist, consultant, nurses, orthotists all of which specialises in complications of the foot and lower limb (NICE 2004). The dressing was removed the wound measured a reduction in depth and circumference 7mm x 6mm depth 3mm, exudate levels where low, there were no clinical signs of infection, no maceration or further callus formation, the same dressing was applied and along with padding. A further appointment was made for seven day’s time , ideally the dressing change should be five days but due to staff sickness this was not possible. At this appointment Mr Sim had seen the G.P who had referred him to a bereavement councillor.   The diabetes Centre had furthermore made a referral to the orthopaedic department who are fitting Mr Sim for orthopaedic footwear for pressure relief in accordance with NICE guidelines (2008). On conclusion the outcome for this case study was a positive one, the patient was assessed holistically to identify and factors which may hinder the healing process, this not only includes the factors directly affecting the wound but also indirectly by affecting the patients qua lity of life including dealing with bereavement, housing issues etc.   The Department of Health (DH 2008) stated â€Å"Delivering improvements for people with long term conditions is not just about treating illness, it is about delivering personalised, responsive, holistic care in the full context of how people live their lives.   Our journey to achieve this has started, our challenge is to continue to take it forward and the evidence compels us to do this†. REFERENCES HPC Armstrong, D.G., Nguyen, H.C Lavery, L. A., (2001) offlanding the diabetic foot wounds. Diabetes care 24 (6) 1019 1022 Baker, N., Murali-Krishman, S., Folwer, D (2005) A users guide to foot screening, part 2, peripheral arterial disease, the diabetic foot 8 (2) 58-70 Benbow M (May 2007) Back to Basics – Skin and Wounds. Journal of Community Nursing Vol 21 (5) p34 Benbow M   (2010) Ageing Wound healing, Journal of community nursing. 24 (5) 36-38 Brannon, H M.D   former about.comguide Collier, M (1994) assessing a wound. Nursing standard 8 (49): 3-13 Dealey, C. (2005). The care of Wounds. A guide for Nurses. Blackwell Science, oxford. Dowssett (2004) Dughill, S., (2006) peripheral arterial disease. Why screen in primary care?   Nursing times 102 (16) 38-39 Glaser, R., Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K., Marucha, D.M.D MacCallum, R.C., Laskowski, B.F., and Malarkey, W.B (1999). Stress-related changes in pro inflammatory cytokine production in wounds.   Archives of General Psychiatry 56 (5), 450-456. Cited in Dealey, C. (2005). Marcucha, P.T., Malarkey, W.B., Mercado, A.M Glaser, R. (1995).  Ã‚   Slowing of wound healing by psychological stress. Lancet, 346 (8984) 1194-1196. Cited in Dealey (2005) Rainey, J (2005). Wound Care, A handbook for community Nurses. Whurr Publishing, London.   Lookingbill ,D,P. Marks, J, G (1993) principles of Dermatology. London; W.B Saunders company.

Introduction to the Reserve Ratio

Introduction to the Reserve Ratio The reserve ratio is the fraction of total deposits that a bank keeps on hand as reserves (i.e. cash in the vault). Technically, the reserve ratio can also take the form of a required reserve ratio, or the fraction of deposits that a bank is required to keep on hand as reserves, or an excess reserve ratio, the fraction of total deposits that a bank chooses to keep as reserves above and beyond what it is required to hold. Now that weve explored the conceptual definition, lets look at a question related to the reserve ratio. Suppose the required reserve ratio is 0.2. If an extra $20 billion in reserves is injected into the banking system through an open market purchase of bonds, by how much can demand deposits increase? Would your answer be different if the required reserve ratio was 0.1? First, well examine what the required reserve ratio is. What Is the Reserve Ratio? The reserve ratio is the percentage of depositors bank balances that the banks have on hand. So if a bank has $10 million in deposits, and $1.5 million of those are currently in the bank, then the bank has a reserve ratio of 15%. In most countries, banks are required to keep a minimum percentage of deposits on hand, known as the required reserve ratio.This required reserve ratio is put in place to ensure that banks do not run out of cash on hand to meet the demand for withdrawals. What do the banks do with the money they dont keep on hand? They loan it out to other customers! Knowing this, we can figure out what happens when the money supply increases. When the Federal Reserve buys bonds on the open market, it buys those bonds from investors, increasing the amount of cash those investors hold. They can now do one of two things with the money: Put it in the bank.Use it to make a purchase (such as a consumer good, or a financial investment like a stock or bond) Its possible they could decide to put the money under their mattress or burn it, but generally, the money will either be spent or put into the bank. If every investor who sold a bond put her money in the bank, bank balances would initially increase by $20 billion dollars. Its likely that some of them will spend the money. When they spend the money, theyre essentially transferring the money to someone else. That someone else will now either put the money in the bank or spend it. Eventually, all of that 20 billion dollars will be put into the bank. So bank balances rise by $20 billion. If the reserve ratio is 20%, then the banks are required to keep $4 billion on hand. The other $16 billion they can loan out. What happens to that $16 billion the banks make in loans? Well, it is either put back into banks, or it is spent. But as before, eventually, the money has to find its way back to a bank. So bank balances rise by an additional $16 billion. Since the reserve ratio is 20%, the bank must hold onto $3.2 billion (20% of $16 billion). That leaves $12.8 billion available to be loaned out. Note that the $12.8 billion is 80% of $16 billion, and $16 billion is 80% of $20 billion. In the first period of the cycle, the bank could loan out 80% of $20 billion, in the second period of the cycle, the bank could loan out 80% of 80% of $20 billion, and so on. Thus the amount of money the bank can loan out in some period ​n of the cycle is given by: $20 billion * (80%)n where n represents what period we are in. To think of the problem more generally, we need to define a few variables: Variables Let A be the amount of money injected into the system (in our case, $20 billion dollars)Let r be the required reserve ratio (in our case 20%).Let T be the total amount the bank loans outAs above, n will represent the period we are in. So the amount the bank can lend out in any period is given by: A*(1-r)n This implies that the total amount the bank loans out is: T A*(1-r)1 A*(1-r)2 A*(1-r)3 ... for every period to infinity. Obviously, we cannot directly calculate the amount the bank loans out each period and sum them all together, as there are an infinite number of terms. However, from mathematics we know the following relationship holds for an infinite series: x1 x2 x3 x4 ... x / (1-x) Notice that in our equation each term is multiplied by A. If we pull that out as a common factor we have: T A[(1-r)1 (1-r)2 (1-r)3 ...] Notice that the terms in the square brackets are identical to our infinite series of x terms, with (1-r) replacing x. If we replace x with (1-r), then the series equals (1-r)/(1 - (1 - r)), which simplifies to 1/r - 1. So the total amount the bank loans out is: T A*(1/r - 1) So if A 20 billion and r 20%, then the total amount the bank loans out is: T $20 billion * (1/0.2 - 1) $80 billion. Recall that all the money that is loaned out is eventually put back into the bank. If we want to know how much total deposits go up, we also need to include the original $20 billion that was deposited in the bank. So the total increase is $100 billion dollars. We can represent the total increase in deposits (D) by the formula: D A T But since T A*(1/r - 1), we have after substitution: D A A*(1/r - 1) A*(1/r). So after all this complexity, we are left with the simple formula D A*(1/r). If our required reserve ratio were instead 0.1, total deposits would go up by $200 billion (D $20b * (1/0.1). With the simple formula D A*(1/r) we can quickly and easily determine what effect an open-market sale of bonds will have on the money supply.

Political Science - Is there a 'Clash of civilization' or a 'Clash of Essay

Political Science - Is there a 'Clash of civilization' or a 'Clash of fundamentalism' in contemporary International Relations - Essay Example While each conflict may have a unique cause, and very specific and exclusive factors that lead to the build-up and escalation, thinkers and scholars have spent considerable time and efforts in exploring and establishing any common underlying factors that may be leading to the present day conflicts. A well known proposition about the causes of conflict and clash in the current international relations is that different civilizations cannot co-exists and hence conflict is inevitable. ‘The clash of civilization’ theory was proposed by Huntington, (1993) and attributes the basic cause of all international conflict to the assumption that different civilizations are unable to interact with each other in a peaceful manner as inherently their culture, religion, values and beliefs may be contradictory. This theory had postulates that clashes between civilizations would continue to rise after the end of the Cold War. An other proposition explains the conflicts as a result of fundamentalist thinking in political and international relations. The cause of conflict therefore is not the inherent nature of the different civilizations, but the adoption of a fundamentalist outlook in dealing with other countries and people. The paper will first elaborate on the meanings of the two clashes by highlighting the works of other researchers who have contributed in the development of the concepts. Secondly, a literature survey will be conducted to gather material in support or against of The Clash of Civilization Theory, as proposed by Huntington, rests on the premise that there are basically several different kinds if civilizations, namely, the Western Civilization, The Islamic Civilization, The Sinic Civilization, The African Civilization, and The Latin American Civilization. Conflicts may arise within the nation’s boundaries where there is a

Creative Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Creative Exercise - Essay Example Instead, the government will rely on the business license renewals, sales taxes, real estate taxes, and other non-individual tax revenues for its operation. I will lead them into a world where education is of the utmost importance and yet costs the parent very little to spend on. It wont be hard to do this because the child will be home schooled by their parents, using the internet as the basis of their classroom setting. Standardized testing of the child will be done by the Department of Education thus, only the testing fees shall be charged as additional government revenue. The test will be the prerequisite to moving on to the next level of education just as in a regular school. The world that I envision is one where people will not want nor lack for anything because all the taxes collected shall go towards providing with public with as much free services as possible. This will include free medical services with nominal fees charged for major operations and procedures. Mine shall be a world with a government that is down-scaled because only the most necessary government offices shall be in place. Redundancy will not exist because government agencies will know how to multitask in the service of the people. The Utopian world that I shall lead the people to will take them back to the simpler times when people grew their own food and farming was the proud way of life that people used to sustain themselves. It is a world where sharing is the key to survival , not money. Of course I shall lead them towards this type of world and lifestyle to the best of my abilities. Whether I successfully lead them or not will depend upon whether they are willing to make sacrifices in order to achieve the utopian society that I will strive to create for everyone

Globalization Impact on Public Services in Egypt Research Proposal

Globalization Impact on Public Services in Egypt - Research Proposal Example 5.1.2. The Importance of Globalization for the Civil Society Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter intends to present to the reader a general introduction to the subject of research as well as the related topics of research such as the impact of International Trade Organization rules and regulations on the public service of Egypt as a developing country. 1.1. The Research Problem Globalization is synonymous to international trade liberalization which has become a by-word among importers and exporters in the world of business economics yet there is still a need for categorizing its impact on regional public services especially in Egypt. Specifically, the investigator will be directed to answer the following questions: 1. What is the significant relationship between globalisation and public service 2. What are the rules of the ITO for internationalizing the provision of Public Service 3. What are the effects of internationalizing the main public service such as education, health, and infrastructure projects 4. What are the impacts of globalization on public services of Egypt 1.2. Objectives of the Study In view of the preceding discussions, this study then broadly aims to provide a perspective of the impact of globalization on public services in Egypt. To facilitate the achievement of this objective, this research will attempt to attain the following specific operational objectives: To determine the significant relationship between globalisation and public service. To state the rules of the ITO for internationalizing the provision of Public Service. To investigate the effects of internationalizing the main public service such as education sector, health sector and infrastructure... The data of this study will be collected from the online data series such as http://stats.oecd.org/OECD Stat _Metadata, GATT, WTO and ITO. This will be collected to investigate effect of globalization to the public services (health sector, education, and infrastructure) in Egypt. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade has evolved into what is now World Trade Organization. Practically, the major factor for the realization of globalization is the recently developed WTO. World trade organization broke all the barriers of international trade. It liberalized traffic of goods and services import ad exports. Globalization increased the number of economic sectors, allowing the activities of trans-national entities, and reducing tariffs on merchandize (Landau 2004). It now includes services and intellectual properties. Also it enhanced the strengthening of individual member country's economic policies. The World Trade Organization members who are considered as the vector of globalization failed to draft a new policy as to international trade. But, this has been considered to be a minimal threat to spontaneous bubbles in protectionism which usually results to economic collapse (Deutsch and Speyer 2001). The different sectors of the society's participation in the globalization process would largely be dependent on many factors like profession, nature of trade, whether in terms of services or in goods.

Religious Education Coursework Assignment Essay Example for Free

Religious Education Coursework Assignment Essay COURSEWORK QUESTION: a) (i) What is Hajj? (ii) Describe and explain why a Muslim would take part in Hajj and what this involves [40] b) (i) Explain the meaning and significance of the events of Hajj for a Muslim. (ii) What difficulties might there be for a Muslim performing Hajj? (iii) How might participating in Hajj affect the life of a believer? [35] c) â€Å"A true pilgrimage is really a journey within.† Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Islam in your answer. [25] A (i)Hajj is the pilgrimage to Makkah, a Muslim-only city. Tourists aren’t welcome to Makkah; Hajj is for Muslims to get closer to God and isn’t meant to be a tourist attraction. It is the duty of every healthy and financially stable Muslim to complete Hajj once in their lifetime. It is a deeply spiritual journey for the millions of Muslims who complete Hajj every Muslim year, between 8 and 13 Dhul-Hijjah – the final month. Some Muslims may prefer to visit Makkah on a pilgrimage at another time in the year, but this is not considered as important as Hajj, and is called Umrah. Because so many Muslims want to experience Hajj for the first time, those who have done it before often do Umrah instead. Hajj is the fifth of the five pillars of Islam; the basis of the religion. It is meant for the sane and mature Muslim mind, and it is usually considered an honour to die during one’s Hajj, as it is widely believed burial in the city of Makkah will bring Muslims clo ser to their God, and is a good indication of their dedication to Islam. A (ii)Hajj is widely considered essential in order to be a devout Muslim. It is one of the five pillars of Islam which are the biggest and main requirements of the religion. It is considered that Hajj is something of a ticket to heaven in the afterlife. The pilgrimage is to show ones self to Allah, and let him be the judge of character. With a good Hajj comes a peaceful afterlife and paradise. It is not just a physical practice, for true meaning a pilgrim must enter a whole new mindset and way of living, at least for the days of Hajj. This was of living is called Ihram, and is the first obligatory rite of Hajj. All men must wear two white unhemmed sheets so that all look alike, and wealth, age and status in general is not even considered. Whilst in Ihram, Muslims should not argue, swear, kill (even insects!) or participate in a sexual relationship even accompanied by husband or wife. Ihram creates an equilibrium and purity for Hajj. It unites every pilgrim and crates a pure mental canvas solely ready to think about nothing but God. The physical part of Hajj is all about recreating significant and very old events in Islam. First the pilgrims all run or walk quickly around the Ka’bah seven times, if close enough they will touch or kiss it. They then pray close to the Ka’bah, near Maqam Ibrahim. Next the Muslims rush between Marwah and Safa, two hills; seven times. The hills are linked now by a corridor for convenience and safety. After doing this, the pilgrims must make their way to the plain of Arafat, around 20km from Makkah. The pilgrims stand under the sun from midday until sunset praying to Allah, and asking for forgiveness. After this the pilgrims go to Muzdalifah to pray, collect stones and camp overnight. In the morning the pilgrims go to Mina to throw seven stones at three walls. After stoning the walls pilgrims make a sacrifice, often through companies nowadays. The sacrificed animal is the either frozen for future use or given to the poor Muslim community to eat. Men then shave their heads, and women cut off a lock of hair, usually a small amount; a few centimetres or a quarter. Muslims are then allowed to exit Ihram, changing into their normal clothes. They camp at Mina for three nights, and then return to Makkah to walk around the Kabah once again. They then drink water from the ZamZam well and their Hajj is complete. They are then a male Hajji, or a female Hajjah. B (i)Carrying out the actions of Hajj is not meaningful without a proper understanding for the ideas behind each procedure. It is all about representing the past and having empathy for Muhammad (PBUH), Ibrahim his son Ismah’il and others. The Kabah is a cube-shaped building supposedly first constructed for God by the first man Adam. It was washed away in Noah’s time, but Ibrahim and his son Ismahil rebuilt it. It is covered in a black cloth called kiswah with verses of the Qu’ran stitched into it. The Kabah is rebuilt on the same foundations by the same method when it needs to be, and the cover is re-made every year, after it is cut up and given to some lucky pilgrims as a memento of their journey. The Ka’bah is the very first house of God and many prophets have visited it. It is for this reason that pilgrims feel such closeness and representation to God when they visit it during Hajj. Tawaf is the circling of the Ka’bah seven times. To begin, the pilgrims can kiss the Black Stone al-hajar-al-aswad or just raise their hands towards it (on the east corner of the courtyard) and recite a prayer. After this the Pilgrims rush around the Ka’bah seven times to represent the fact that their lives revolve around God. It is the first thing that the pilgrims do when they arrive in Makkah. Tawaf is the second rite of Hajj, after Ihram, mentioned earlier. The second event is called the sa’i, where pilgrims rush between the hills Marwah and Safa, to show perseverance and patience. This is what Ibrahim’s wife Hajar did as she desperately searched for aid as her and her thirsty son came close to death in the desert. This part of Hajj can be very tiring and difficult under the blazing sun, despite there being a modern corridor built especially for sa’i. Hajar’s patience was rewarded by God with a spring of water that appeared at her son Ismahil’s feet, which was named the ZamZam well; today it is in the courtyard of the great Mosque in Makkah. Sa’i is not a compulsory part of Hajj but is usually included in the pilgrimage, and has a deep meaning. The pilgrims travel to Mina, a city of tents near the plain of Arafat. In Ihram, the Muslims are united and equal; they sleep side by side often grouped only by language if anything. All of the pilgrims sleep in tents in their Ihram clothes, poor and rich sleep aside each other as the devout, proud and fellow Muslims of Hajj. The following day the pilgrims travel to Mount Arafat for the most important part of Hajj, where they stand before Allah and ask forgiveness for all of their sins. This is the third obligatory rite of Haj j. Mount Arafat is also known as the ‘Mount of Mercy’ and is supposed to be where God forgave Adam and Eve for their sins and reunited them, after previously separating them for wrongdoing. Here the Muslims stand before God, the wuquf. The pilgrims stand from midday to sunset praying, weeping and meditating, all under the searing Saudi sun. The afternoon of wuquf is purely concentrated on Allah, and some pilgrims have to rush to make the stand, as without it their Hajj is invalid. Everyone is expected to stand alone and analyse every wrong doing individually, and pray to Allah for forgiveness for their sins. In this rite, repent is essential, and if pilgrims are truly sorry for their sins, it is said they will be completely purified and forgiven by Allah, and can start again, as pure as the day they were born. It is an unforgettable experience and is savoured by every pilgrim. After wuquf, pilgrims travel to camp in Muzdalifah in time for prayers in the evening. Here they usually collect 49 pebbles for the ramy al-jamarat (stoning of the devil) the following day. In 2004 Saudi authorities got rid of the pillars and replaced them with long walls, to make the stoning the devil process easier and therefore safer. Hund reds of people have died in the large crowds all trying to get a good shot at the pillars. On the first day of the process, after a night in Muzdalifah, the first wall is stoned 7 times. The following days each of the three walls has to be stoned 7 times for two consecutive days. This means 49 pebbles are required, but if the pilgrims miss any shots they may need at least 21 extra pebbles to stone all three walls 7 times the following day. This seems like a strange ritual when no background is supporting it, but there is good meaning. Ibrahim was told by God one day he had to sacrifice his son Ismah’il. Ibrahim made his way to the place of sacrifice, abiding Allah’s instruction, after consulting his son who told him to do what he had to. On the way the devil appeared before him first to try and tempt him not to sacrifice his son, and the angel Gabriel, the messenger of God told him to â€Å"pelt him†. Ibrahim threw 7 pebbles at the devil and it disappeared. It soon reappeared along the way, this time representing the temptation of Hajar to stop her husband sacrificing her son to God, and Gabriel told Ibrahim to â€Å"pelt him† again. He did what he was told and threw 7 stones at the devil who once again disappeared. The devil appeared a third time along the road, to tempt Ismahil to avoid being sacrificed. Gabriel’s order to â€Å"pelt him† was followed by Ibrahim, and the devil then disappeared for the final time. Ibrahim’s loyalty and resistance to the devil was rewarded by God when Ibrahim was told to stop as he prepared to kill his son. He was told by God to sacrifice a ram instead, and Ibrahim’s resistance to temptation paid off. Ramy al-jamarat shows the pilgrim’ s dedication to God’s wishes, and rejection to the temptations of the devil. Most Muslims make a sacrifice after stoning the devil, to recreate Ibrahim’s experience as closely as possible. Because there are so many pilgrims who want to make a sacrifice, there are special companies, who make it on their behalf and feed the poor. What cannot be used immediately to feed the poor Muslim community is frozen and used later. After making a sacrifice, male pilgrims have their heads shaven by a person who is not in Ihram and women have usually around an inch cut off. Pilgrims usually change into their normal clothes and do a single Tawaf; this is the fourth obligatory rite of Hajj. After doing this single Tawaf the Muslims are now officially Hajjis or Hajjahs as a female. They can then return home but most choose to stay and visit other places such as Medina, where the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was buried. B (ii)There are many factors to prevent Muslims going to Hajj. It is said Allah excuses these factors. It is intention or niyyah that counts with the pilgrimage, and when there is something to prevent Muslims from attending it, they will be excused by Allah. The most common circumstance is poverty. There are around 1.4 billion Muslims in the world, and many live in poverty. Lots of Muslims will save up most of their life to do Hajj, and by the time they have enough money to go, they are of old age and aren’t physically able. In this case the Muslim can pay another existing Hajji to attend on their behalf, or donate their savings for Hajj to charity. If they do this they will be blessed as fully as if they had completed Hajj themselves. For those who can’t afford Hajj, they can donate their available savings for Hajj to charity. They will receive the full Hajj benefits also. If a Muslim passes away on their way to carry out Hajj, they will receive the full blessing also, they have died making a commitment to their religion, this shows devotion and niyyah if anything does! Of course there are difficulties that could occur during Hajj. Because around two million pilgrims undergo Hajj every year, and are all dressed in near identical garments, it is very likely that groups will be separated for the period of Hajj. This may seem like a panicking time but Muslims in Ihram will be very sympathetic and helpful with each other in such circumstances, and probably take on new members into their travel groups. The overwhelming feeling of closeness to God on Hajj is enough to eliminate any feelings of worry for the meantime anyhow, so separation doesn’t cause much of a fright. Those unfortunate enough to die during Hajj are proud. It is a blessing to be buried in or near Makkah, close to God. Passing away making commitments to Islam is an honour, and a will is usually written before leaving for Hajj anyway. For those who fear the physical strain of Hajj, or are encouraged not to repeat the journey if they have already, Umrah is the lesser pilgrimage which can be carried out all year round. It involves the seven rotations of the Ka’bah (Tawaf), the Sa’i (Between Marwah and Safa) and a halq or taqsir; which is to cut the hair. Taqsir is shortening hair; halqis the complete head shave. B (iii)Hajj creates equilibrium, and a sympathetic atmosphere among the pilgrims who share the highs and lows of the journey. For most, the journey strengthens and confirms their commitment to Islam. After Hajj, a Muslim is more likely to be more courteous to people in general, and more at ease with life. Once a good Hajj is completed, the afterlife should be more peaceful and happy. Some Muslims like the experience of the pilgrimage so much they move to a Muslim country if they do not live in one already, as they like the convenience and feeling of togetherness and empathy. Hajj strengthens the belief of many Muslims, and if they weren’t a very good Muslim before Hajj, they might feel the need to be more committed to their faith, and practice Islam more regularly. Although for most the pilgrimage of Hajj is a blessing experience, some may have felt let down and disengaged during the journey. For those who could not get into a good Ihram, or feel true belief in God on the mount of mercy; their belief in Islam and Allah may have been hindered. C To me, this statement means that although all of the processes of a pilgrimage are physical, the true idea is the thoughts within the pilgrim’s mind and the intention, empathy and symbolism of what they are doing in the pilgrimage. The vast majority of Hajjis find the sacred journey to Makkah nourishing and feel they have found forgiveness from Allah. As they travel around the different rites of Hajj they cherish the experience and remember the meaning of each process, going back as far as the time of Adam and Eve. They enter a new realm as they stand before God on the Mount of Mercy, are unable to hold in their tears and are swept with emotion. On the other hand, Hajj is purely a physical process for some pilgrims. It isn’t supposed to be, but some can’t get into the frame of mind which is intended during the pilgrimage. The journey is supposed to be emotional, deeply thoughtful and soul cleansing. To some Muslims, their belief may be slightly hampered by the fact they struggle to get into a real Ihram. They will get their money’s worth on the trip and see people from all different cultures following the same rituals, but not feel truly engaged in the experience. Some people might argue that if you go on Hajj, and carry out the same processes as the prophets did, that is adequate in displaying your devotion to Allah and Islam. Some may say the fact that so much is physically required of them in Hajj, that alone shows they are a devout Muslim. Personally, I fully agree with the statement, because I would say that Hajj is a journey to Makkah to carry out the rites, and a true Hajj is a deep and thoughtful journey not only to Makkah, but to the bottom of a pilgrim’s heart. Although carrying out Hajj is a blessing experience cherished by Muslims, it is not truly meaningful unless they feel a certain dedication and spiritual enrichment on their journey.