Death By An Infant essays

Passing By An Infant papers This story is really a blend of around three frightfully misinformed kids that have perpetrated a wrongdoing. The principal story is about Derek King, 14, and his sibling Alex, 13, that executed their dad by pounding the life out of him with a bat last November, in Florida. They got seven to eight years in jail. Next, Lionel Tate, 14, beat to death a six-year old and he found some kind of purpose for existing sentence. At that point, the last story, Nathaniel Brazill, 14, got twenty-eight years for slaughtering his center teacher. The remainder of the article proceeds in saying that potentially the reason for them doing this is a mix of terrible qualities and an awful situation. Right... I dont to a degree concur with the entire terrible adolescence to awful adulthood thing, yet awful qualities, no. Qualities had nothing to do with slaughtering another person. Regardless of whether your distant uncle slaughtered somebody doesnt not mean your going to do it as well. I feel that guardians are simply attempting to discover a reason to accuse the entirety of the young men conduct for. What I additionally dont comprehend is the reason they didnt all get a similar discipline? They each murdered somebody, for what reason would their disciplines modify so enormously? I imagine that its completely horrendous what these young men did. Despite the fact that they are young people, they might not have realized that what they would do would bring about death. What I mean is that I dont feel that what they did was purposeful, yet at the same time extreme. None of them ought to get a lifelong incarceration, their fair children; they despite everything still can't seem to complete the process of gaining directly from off-base and sound judgment. The courts should have thought about this, and gave exceptional consideration to it. Im not saying that they shouldnt be rebuffed, however they should have unique conditions. The children ought to have gotten four years (until they turn eighteen) at that point they ought to have gotten treatment and probation, with the goal that somebody can support them and screen them. It will push them to ideally become stable adul... <!

Application letter

Being given to comprehend that there is an opening of previously mentioned post in your rumored association I might want to apply my candidature for the equivalent. I demand your great self to offer me a chance to demonstrate my ability in your regarded association. I guarantee you that I will give my best in landing the positions achieved. My CV is encased herewith for your benevolent scrutiny. Anticipating a positive reaction from your end. Expressing gratitude toward You, Yours reliably, Tamanna Patel To, Respected Sir/Madam, Subject: Job Application demand for the situation of â€Å"Business the board staff I am a competitor Management Professional, done MBA in Marketing Management from ITM [Institute for Technology Management] Deemed college, Navi Mumbai with top of the line. I finished my graduation in B. E (Electronics correspondence Engineering) with top notch from V. N. S. G. U. Surat. I was related for two Major Marketing venture at Pantaloon Retail India Ltd, Mumbai I would accept it as a benefit, in the event that I get an opportunity to connect myself with your Esteemed Organization to give better pace to my vocation. As I solidly accept this would give me Immense Exposure and a right stage to get a brief look at corporate world and would assist me with improving my own aptitudes and capabilities. I earnestly wish to increase the value of the association with full devotion, my innovativeness and enthusiasm to think in an unexpected way. I would be profoundly obliged in the event that you consider my application and give me a possibility for the equivalent. Favored area:- Surat, Mumbai, Ahmedabad Please allude to the connected Resume. Anticipating for your answer in expectation. Much obliged to you Yours genuinely, Alok Patel MBA (Marketing), B. (E. 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As mentioned, I am encasing a finished request for employment, my affirmation, my resume and three references. The open door introduced in this posting is intriguing, and I accept that my solid specialized understanding and instruction will make me a serious possibility for this position. The key qualities that I have for accomplishment in this position include:  · I have effectively  · I make progress toward proceeded with greatness  · I give uncommon commitments to client assistance for all clients With an (A scholastic capability like a Bachelor’s or a Diploma), I have a full comprehension of the (State the reason for the activity here) exceeding expectations at new (State work zone) varying. If you don't mind see my resume for extra data on my experience. I can be reached whenever by means of email at kimani. [emailprotected] com or my mobile phone, 07000000. Much thanks to you for your time and thought. I anticipate talking with you about this work opportunity. Earnestly, Full Name Date The Manager Life Live Insurance Company Uhuru Park Box 893276 †002726 Nairobi Dear Sir/Madam I am writing to enquire whether you have any positions accessible inside your association. My name is John Mtu. I have finished a (State the most elevated scholastic capability) and have enlisted to do additionally learn at (State the following best qualification)in the region of (State the territory of specialization). I am a mindful and certifiable person. I am extremely anxious to discover work inside the (State the business) and trust I would be an important advantage for your association. I have connected my resume for your examination. I can be reached at whenever on 070000000. I thank you for setting aside some effort to peruse my application. Yours genuinely, John Mtu

How to Use Gates Essay Samples

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Iago, By William Shakespeare - 1563 Words

â€Å"lago is a compelling and sophisticated villain (Bachelorandmaster, n.d., n.p.).† When it comes to the discussion of Shakespeare’s malicious characters, Iago seems to be one of a kind. At the beginning of the play, Iago is described as a character who is a good liar with a silver tongued eloquence. However, he turns out be a more villain in the end, putting other characters in peril without any justifiable reason. In Act 1 Scene 1 (Shakespeare, 1997), Iago shows discontentment toward Othello for placing him as lieutenant instead of promotion. This part clearly shows why Iago is upset and feels hatred. However, as the story goes on, there is a change in Iago’s characterization. According to Hazlitt (1817), the character of Iago is unnatural due to the fact that every word or action he takes is very vicious, but lacks reasonable motives to do so. This indicates that the illustration of Iago in the play changes, as his behaviors seem to become more incomprehens ible in lack of convincing motivation for such cruel and malicious conspiracy. This essay first identifies the overall character development of Iago, discussing how the image of Iago has changed throughout the story. It will then go on to explore two different perspectives regarding the nature of Iago: whether there is compassion to him or he is a pure evil. Among numerous characters in Othello, the role of Iago stands out, as the flow of the play tends to be greatly affected by Iago’s behaviors. In fact, the story getsShow MoreRelatedIago, By William Shakespeare1669 Words   |  7 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s Othello, the antagonist Iago is arguably the most heinous villain in all of literature. His ability to shape shift in and out of character is what makes him unique. His tactics are similar to that of a cold blooded chameleon. Iago’s art of persuasion, his mastery of rhetoric as well as his ability to sense his victims’ insecurities and weaknesses, is what makes him so diabolically ruthless. Throughout the play, one can truly see the power of words and their delivery,Read MoreThe Concept Of Iago By William Shakespeare1163 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Concept of Iago† William Shakespeare’s plays all have a common theme: death. There is almost always death, and the play of â€Å"Othello† is no different since it ends in a â€Å"tragedy.† It begins with a man named Iago who speaks to Roderigo of how he should have received the position of lieutenant that was instead given to Cassio, a inexperienced man in his words, by Othello, the General. Iago shows distaste towards Othello, the play then goes through the story of Iago attempting to receive the positionRead MoreThe Character of Iago in William Shakespeare Essay665 Words   |  3 PagesThe Character of Iago in William Shakespeare In the extract Iago truly shows himself to be a man of great impression upon people around him, and mostly of course people of his choice, in this case Roderigo being his victim of persuasion. Most importantly to be regarded is that Iagos methods are structured almost completely behind the way in which he communicates, and put Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello - The Jealous Iago !1171 Words   |  5 Pages1102 The Jealous Iago! Jealousy is a strong emotion which everyone has experienced in some point or time in their life. Throughout Othello by William Shakespeare, the character Iago is known as â€Å"honest Iago† and deals with the roots of jealously. Iago uses jealousy, lies, and deception to manipulate and hurt other characters for his own personal gain. Iago is consumed with jealousy for Michael Cassio and Othello because he was not chosen as lieutenant, and Cassio was. Because of Iago jealously and hatredRead MoreIago By William Shakespeare s Othello Essay914 Words   |  4 Pageson today. Behind every lie, there is a motive for doing so. In Shakespeare s Othello, Iago is no exception to this rule. He is living a dual life of lies. On one face Iago is a trustworthy friend who is attempting to set up Roderigo with the love of his life. His other face is the one whose main goal is to be the Lieutenant of the Venetian Army. In order to reach that status he must ruin the relationship of Cassio an d Othello. Iago uses each other character against others and against themselvesRead MoreIago By William Shakespeare s Othello946 Words   |  4 Pages Iago’s selfish ways may stem from deep-rooted envy. Cassio, a handsome, well-mannered, likeable strategist was promoted above Iago, despite having no practical experience; unlike Iago who has been Othello’s ensign on the field for many years. Iago’s contempt for Cassio’s â€Å"bookish theoric† as â€Å"mere prattle, without practise† is grounded in jealousy, and his dismissive way of comparing strategy to fighting on the battlefield reveals his dislike of Cassio early in the first scene of the play. In thisRead MoreIago By William Shakespeare s Othello1292 Words   |  6 PagesIago is able to manipulate different characters throughout Othello by appearing to be honest and trustworthy, and using this to make people believe what he is saying is the truth. This means that Iago can tell them what he wants, in order to achieve whatever he desires. Simply, Iago is a two-faced character. A very ironic part of the play is when Iago says, â€Å"By J anus†, as Janus is a two- faced Roman god. The first person/character is Rodrigo. Rodrigo is blinded by his love for Desdemona and is preparedRead MoreIago ´s Facade in William Shakespeare ´s Othello520 Words   |  2 Pagesdescribes the villainous Iago better than this. Iago hides behind the faà §ade of a loyal soldier while secretly manipulating the world around him not only for personal gain but also in order to ruin the lives of those he feels have wronged him. Even those close to Iago, such as his loyal servant Roderigo, who think they know him, are being deceived. Throughout the play Iago shows his ability to manipulate people based on their good traits, one key example being Othello. Iago ruins Othello’s life byRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello - A Diagnosis Of Literary Character, Iago1460 Words   |  6 Pages A Diagnosis of literary Character,Iago In a Shakespearean tragedy, no man is left out in the vicious storyline of fate. Meaning in every situation there must be a character that is fraudulent and misleading. To which this character would tell false lies to hopefully make the plot end in disaster. In the dramatic play Othello, Shakespeare unleashes the tale of an interracial marriage between a Moor (Othello) and a Venetian woman. Which continuously builds on internal dialogue, race, genderRead MoreBetraying and Lying in Othello by William Shakespeare1726 Words   |  7 Pagesuntruthfulness are a keen description of Iago. Iago causes pain in a lot of the characters life because he is unhappy about his life; Therefore, Iago is the main problem in everyone’s life. In Othello the main characters are Othello, Desdemona, Iago, and Cassio. Iago causes great conflict between Othello and Desdemona, along with Cassio and Othello. Iago causes all the conflict because he is angry at Othello for making Cassio lieutenant. After Iago put his plan in action he led Othello to a

The Curious Murder of Rasputin

The mysterious  Grigory Efimovich Rasputin, a peasant who claimed powers of healing and prediction, had the ear of Russian Czarina Alexandra. The aristocracy held negative views about a peasant in such a high position, and peasants disliked the rumors that the czarina was sleeping with such a scoundrel. Rasputin was seen as the dark force who was ruining Mother Russia. To save the monarchy, several members of the aristocracy conspired to murder Rasputin. On the night of Dec. 16, 1916, they tried. The plan was simple. Yet on that fateful night, the conspirators found that killing Rasputin would be very difficult indeed. The Mad Monk Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra, the emperor and empress of Russia, had tried for years to give birth to a male heir. After four girls were born, the royal couple was desperate. They called in many mystics and holy men. Finally, in 1904, Alexandra gave birth to a baby boy, Aleksei Nikolayevich. Unfortunately, the boy who had been the answer to their prayers was afflicted with the royal disease, hemophilia. Every time Aleksei began to bleed, it would not stop. The royal couple became frantic to find a cure for their son. Again, mystics, holy men, and healers were consulted. Nothing helped until 1908, when Rasputin was called upon to aid the young czarevich during one of his bleeding episodes. Rasputin was a peasant born in the Siberian town of Pokrovskoye on Jan. 10, probably in the year 1869. Rasputin underwent a religious transformation around the age of 18 and spent three months in the Verkhoturye Monastery. When he returned to Pokrovskoye he was a changed man. Though he married Proskovia Fyodorovna and had three children with her (two girls and a boy), he began to wander as a strannik (pilgrim or wanderer). During his wanderings, Rasputin traveled to Greece and Jerusalem. Though he often traveled back to Pokrovskoye, he found himself in St. Petersburg in 1903. By then he was proclaiming himself a starets, or holy man who had healing powers and could predict the future. When Rasputin was summoned to the royal palace in 1908, he proved he had a healing power. Unlike his predecessors, Rasputin was able to help the boy. How he did it is still greatly disputed. Some people say that Rasputin used hypnotism; others say Rasputin didnt know how to hypnotize. Part of Rasputins continued mystique is the remaining question as to whether he really had the powers he claimed. Having proven his holy powers to Alexandra, however, Rasputin did not remain just the healer for Aleksei; Rasputin soon became Alexandras confidant and personal adviser. To the aristocrats, having a peasant advising the czarina, who in turn held a great deal of influence over the czar, was unacceptable. In addition, Rasputin loved alcohol and sex, both of which he consumed in excess. Though Rasputin appeared to be a pious and saintly holy man in front of the royal couple, others saw him as a sex-craved peasant who was ruining Russia and the monarchy. It didnt help that Rasputin was having sex with women in high society in exchange for granting political favors, nor that many in Russia believed Rasputin and the czarina were lovers and wanted to make a separate peace with the Germans; Russia and Germany were enemies during World War I. Many people wanted to get rid of Rasputin. Attempting to enlighten the royal couple about the danger they were in, influential people approached both Nicholas and Alexandra with the truth about Rasputin and the rumors that were circulating. To everyones great dismay, they both refused to listen. So who was going to kill Rasputin before the monarchy was completely destroyed? The Murderers Prince Felix Yusupov seemed an unlikely murderer. Not only was he the heir to a vast family fortune, but he also was married to the czars niece Irina, a beautiful young woman. Yusupov  was also considered very good looking, and with his looks and money, he was able to indulge in his fancies. His fancies usually were in the form of sex, much of which was considered perverse at the time, especially transvestism and homosexuality. Historians think that these attributes helped Yusupov  ensnare Rasputin. Grand Duke Dmitry Pavlovich was Czar Nicholas IIs cousin. Pavlovich was once engaged to the czars eldest daughter, Olga Nikolaevna, but his continued friendship with the homosexually inclined Yusupov made the royal couple break off the engagement. Vladimir Purishkevich was an outspoken member of the Duma, the lower house of the Russian parliament. On Nov. 19, 1916, Purishkevich made a rousing speech in the Duma, in which he said, The czars ministers who have been turned into marionettes, marionettes whose threads have been taken firmly in hand by Rasputin and the Empress Alexandra Fyodorovna—the evil genius of Russia and the czar...who has remained a German on the Russian throne and alien to the country and its people. Yusupov  attended the speech and afterward  contacted Purishkevich, who quickly agreed to participate in the murder of Rasputin. Others involved were  Lt. Sergei Mikhailovich Sukhotin, a convalescing young officer of the Preobrazhensky Regiment. Dr. Stanislaus de Lazovert was a friend and Purishkevichs physician. Lazovert was added as the fifth member because they needed someone to drive the car. The Plan The plan was relatively simple. Yusupov was to befriend Rasputin and then lure Rasputin to the Yusupov palace to be killed. Since Pavlovich was busy every night until December 16 and Purishkevich was leaving on a hospital train for the front on December 17, it was decided that the murder would be committed on the night of the 16th and in the early morning hours of the 17th. As for what time, the conspirators wanted the cover of night to hide the murder and the disposal of the body. Plus, Yusupov noticed that Rasputins apartment wasnt guarded after midnight. It was decided that Yusupov would pick up Rasputin at his apartment at half past midnight. Knowing  Rasputins  love of sex, the conspirators would use Yusupovs beautiful wife, Irina, as bait. Yusupov would tell Rasputin that he could meet her at the palace with the innuendo of a possible sexual liaison. Yusupov wrote his wife, who was staying at their home in the Crimea, to ask her to join him in this important event. After several letters, she wrote back in the beginning of December in hysteria saying that she couldnt follow through with it. The conspirators then had to find a way to lure Rasputin without actually having Irina there. They decided to keep Irina as a lure  but fake her presence. Yusupov and Rasputin would enter a side entrance of the palace with stairs leading down to the basement so that no one could see them enter or leave the palace. Yusupov was having the basement refurbished as a cozy dining room. Since the Yusupov palace was along the Moika Canal and across from a police station, using guns was not possible for fear of them being heard. Thus, they decided to use poison. The dining room in the basement would be set up as if several guests had just left it in a hurry. Noise would be coming from upstairs as if Yusupovs wife was entertaining unexpected company. Yusupov would tell Rasputin that his wife would come down once her guests had left. While waiting for Irina, Yusupov would offer Rasputin potassium cyanide-laced pastries and wine. They needed to make sure that no one knew that Rasputin was going with Yusupov to his palace. Besides urging Rasputin not to tell anyone of his rendezvous with Irina, the plan was for Yusupov to pick up Rasputin via the back stairs of his apartment. Finally, the conspirators decided that they would call the restaurant/inn Villa Rhode on the night of the murder to ask if Rasputin was there yet, hoping to make it seem that he was expected there but never showed up. After Rasputin was killed, the conspirators were going to wrap up the body in a rug, weigh it down, and throw it into a river. Since winter had already come, most of the rivers near St. Petersburg were frozen. The conspirators spent a morning looking for a suitable hole in the ice to dump the body. They found one on the Malaya Nevka River. The Setup In November, about a month before the murder, Yusupov contacted Maria Golovina, a longtime friend of his who also happened to be close to Rasputin. He complained that  he had been having chest pains that doctors had been unable to cure. She immediately suggested that he should see Rasputin for his healing powers, as Yusupov knew she would. Golovina arranged for them both to meet at her apartment. The contrived friendship began, and Rasputin began calling Yusupov by a nickname, Little One. Rasputin and Yusupov met a number of times during November and December. Since Yusupov had told Rasputin that he didnt want his family to know about their friendship, it was agreed that Yusupov would enter and leave Rasputins apartment via a staircase in the back. Many have speculated that more than just healing went on at these sessions and that the two were sexually involved. At some point, Yusupov mentioned that his wife would be arriving from the Crimea in the middle of December. Rasputin showed interest in meeting her, so they arranged for Rasputin to meet Irina just after midnight on December 17. It was also agreed that Yusupov would pick Rasputin up and drop him off. For several months, Rasputin had been living in fear. He had been drinking even more heavily than usual and constantly dancing to Gypsy music to try to forget his terror. Numerous times, Rasputin mentioned to people that he was going to be killed. Whether this was a true premonition or whether he heard the rumors circulating around St. Petersburg is uncertain. Even on  Rasputins last day  alive, several people visited him to warn him to stay home and not go out. Around midnight on December 16, Rasputin changed clothes into a light blue shirt, embroidered with cornflowers and blue velvet pants. Though he had agreed not to tell anyone where he was going that night, he had actually told several people, including his daughter Maria and Golovina, who had introduced him to Yusupov. The Murder Near midnight, the conspirators all met at the Yusupov palace in the newly created basement dining room. Pastries and wine adorned the table. Lazovert put on rubber gloves and then crushed the potassium cyanide crystals into powder and placed some in the pastries and a small amount in two wine glasses. They left some pastries unpoisoned so that Yusupov could partake. After everything was ready, Yusupov and Lazovert went to pick up the victim. Around 12:30 a.m. a visitor arrived at Rasputins apartment via the back stairs. Rasputin greeted the man at the door. The maid was still awake and was looking through the kitchen curtains; she later said she saw that it was the Little One (Yusupov). The two men left in a car driven by a chauffeur, who was actually Lazovert. When they arrived at the palace, Yusupov took Rasputin to the side entrance and down the stairs to the basement dining room. As Rasputin entered the room he could hear noise and music upstairs, and Yusupov explained that Irina had been detained by unexpected guests but would be down shortly. The other conspirators waited until after Yusupov and Rasputin entered the dining room, then they stood by the stairs leading down to it, waiting for something to happen. Everything up to this point had been going to plan, but that didnt last much longer. While supposedly waiting for Irina, Yusupov offered Rasputin one of the poisoned pastries. Rasputin refused, saying they were too sweet. Rasputin wouldnt eat or drink anything. Yusupov started to panic and went upstairs to talk to the other conspirators. When Yusupov went back downstairs, Rasputin for some reason had changed his mind and agreed to eat the pastries. Then they started drinking the wine. Though potassium cyanide was supposed to have an immediate effect, nothing happened. Yusupov continued to chat with Rasputin, waiting for something to happen. Noticing a guitar in the corner, Rasputin asked Yusupov to play for him. The time wore on, and Rasputin wasnt showing any effects from the poison. It was now about 2:30 a.m. and Yusupov was worried. Again he made an excuse and went upstairs to talk with the other conspirators. The poison obviously wasnt working. Yusupov took a gun from Pavlovich and went back downstairs. Rasputin didnt notice that Yusupov had returned with a gun behind his back. While Rasputin was looking at a beautiful ebony cabinet, Yusupov said, Grigory Efimovich, you would do better to look at the crucifix and pray to It. Then Yusupov raised the pistol and fired. The other conspirators rushed down the stairs to see Rasputin lying on the ground and Yusupov standing over him with the gun. After a few minutes, Rasputin jerked convulsively and then fell still. Since Rasputin was dead, the conspirators went upstairs to celebrate and to wait for later in the night so that they could dump the body with no witnesses. Still Alive About an hour later, Yusupov felt an inexplicable need to go look at the body. He went back downstairs and felt the body. It still seemed warm. He shook the body. There was no reaction. When Yusupov started turning away, he noticed Rasputins left eye start to flutter open. He was still alive. Rasputin sprang to his feet and rushed at Yusupov, grabbing his shoulders and neck. Yusupov struggled to get free and finally did so. He rushed upstairs shouting, Hes still alive! Purishkevich was upstairs and had just put his Sauvage revolver in his pocket when he saw Yusupov come back up shouting. Yusupov was crazed with fear, [his]  face was literally gone, his handsome...eyes had come out of their sockets...[and] in a semi-conscious state...almost without seeing me, he rushed past with a crazed look. Purishkevich rushed down the stairs, only to find that Rasputin was running across the courtyard. As Rasputin was running, Purishkevich  yelled, Felix, Felix, Ill tell everything to the czarina. Purishkevich was chasing after him. While running, he fired his gun but missed. He fired again and missed again. And then he bit his hand to regain control of himself. Again he fired. This time the bullet found its mark, hitting Rasputin in the back. Rasputin stopped, and Purishkevich fired again. This time the bullet hit Rasputin in the head. Rasputin fell. His head was jerking, but he tried to crawl. Purishkevich had caught up now and kicked Rasputin in the head. Enter the Police Police officer  Vlassiyev  was standing on duty on Moika Street and heard what sounded like three or four shots in quick succession. He headed over to investigate. Standing outside the Yusupov palace he saw two men crossing the courtyard, recognizing them as Yusupov and his servant Buzhinsky. He asked them if they had heard any gunshots, and Buzhinsky answered that he had not. Thinking it had probably just been a car backfiring, Vlassiyev went back to his post. Rasputins body was brought in and placed by the stairs that led to the basement dining room. Yusupov grabbed a 2-pound dumbbell and began indiscriminately hitting Rasputin with it. When others finally pulled Yusupov off Rasputin, the would-be assassin was splattered with blood. Yusupovs servant Buzhinsky then told Purishkevich about the conversation with the policeman. They were worried that the officer might tell his superiors what he had seen and heard. They sent for the policeman to come back to the house. Vlassiyev recalled that when he entered the palace, a man asked him, Have you ever heard of Purishkevich? To which the policeman replied, I have. I am Purishkevich. Have you ever heard of Rasputin? Well, Rasputin is dead. And if you love our Mother Russia, youll keep quiet about it. Yes, sir. And then they let the policeman go. Vlassiyev waited about 20 minutes and then told his superiors everything he had heard and seen. It was amazing and shocking, but after being poisoned, shot three times, and beaten with a dumbbell, Rasputin was still alive. They bound his arms and legs with rope and wrapped his body in a heavy cloth. Since it was almost dawn, the conspirators were now hurrying to dispose of the body. Yusupov stayed at home to clean himself up. The rest of them placed the body in the car, sped off to their chosen location, and heaved Rasputin over the side of the bridge, but they forgot to weigh him down with weights. The conspirators split up and went their separate ways, hoping that they had gotten away with murder. The Next Morning In the morning of Dec. 17, Rasputins daughters woke to find that their father had not returned from his late-night rendezvous with the Little One. Rasputins niece, who had also been living him, called Golovina to say that her uncle had not yet returned. Golovina called Yusupov  but was told he was still sleeping. Yusupov later returned the phone call to say that he hadnt seen Rasputin at all the previous night. Everyone in the Rasputin household knew this was a lie. The police officer who had talked to Yusupov and Purishkevich had told his superior, who in turn told his superior, about the events seen and heard at the palace. Yusupov realized that there was a lot of blood outside, so he shot one of his dogs and placed its corpse on top of the blood. He claimed that a member of his party had thought it was a funny joke to shoot the dog. That didnt fool the policemen. There was too much blood for a dog, and more than one shot was heard. Plus, Purishkevich had told Vlassiyev that they had killed Rasputin. The Czarina was informed, and an investigation was opened immediately. It was obvious to the police early on who the murderers were. There just wasnt a body yet. Finding theBody On Dec. 19, police began looking for a body near the Great Petrovsky Bridge on the Malaya Nevka River, near where a bloody boot had been found the day before. There was a hole in the ice, but they couldnt find the body. Looking a little farther downstream, they came upon the corpse floating in another hole in the ice. When they pulled him out, they found Rasputins hands were frozen in a raised position, leading to the belief that he had still been alive under the water and had tried to untie the rope around his hands. Rasputins body was taken by car to the Academy of Military Medicine, where an autopsy was conducted. The autopsy results showed: Alcohol, but no poison was found.Three bullet wounds. (The  first bullet entered the chest on the left, hitting Rasputins stomach and liver; the second bullet entered the back on the right, hitting the kidneys; the third bullet entered the head, hitting the brain.)A small amount of water was found in the lungs. The body was buried at the Feodorov Cathedral in Tsarskoe Selo on Dec. 22, and a small funeral was held. What Happened Next? While the accused murderers were under house arrest, many people visited and wrote them letters congratulating them. The accused murderers were hoping for a trial because that would ensure that they would become heroes. Trying to prevent just that, the czar stopped the inquiry and ordered that there be no trial. Though their good friend and confidant had been murdered, their family members were among the accused.   Yusupov was exiled. Pavlovich was sent to Persia to fight in the war. Both survived the Russian Revolution of 1917 and World War I.   Though Rasputins relationship with the czar and czarina had weakened the monarchy, Rasputins death came too late to reverse the damage. If anything, the murder of a peasant by aristocrats sealed the fate of the Russian monarchy. Within three months, Czar Nicholas abdicated, and about a year later the entire Romanov family was also murdered. Sources Rasputin: The Saint Who Sinned, by Brian Moynahan; 1998  The Rasputin File, translated by Judson Rosengrant; 2000

The Most Dangerous Thing Is Illusion By Bernie Sanders

Sentiments of the current political climate, range from pushing America to European models of government to reverting to the most extremely isolationist country possible. Present Democratic candidate, Bernie Sanders expounds the necessity for a political revolution, but many others saw great prosperity in the past, and desire its return. However, how prosperous has the Land of the Free ever truly been? Is it possible that the dream of a better, former America is no more than an invented illusion? As Ralph Waldo Emerson says, â€Å"The most dangerous thing is illusion† and it has perhaps become a key contributor to persuading the American people throughout history (â€Å"AZQuotes.com†). Persuasion for the presidential candidates has integrated the illusion of a past prosperity for generations, through both Emersonian transcendentalism and his opposite, naturalism. Naturalism, â€Å"a style of art or literature that shows people and things as they actually are† manifested itself in the latter part of the nineteenth century (â€Å"Naturalism†). It served to combat ideals of mysticism and spiritualism in favor of what was concrete and known. Jack London exhibited this philosophy of the concrete in his acclaimed story, To Build a Fire, stating, â€Å"Empty as the man s mind was of thoughts, he was keenly observant, and he noticed the changes in the creek, the curves and bends and timber jams, and always he sharply noted where he placed his feet† (653). London denotes the vacuity of man’s mind, perhapsShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesComing Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 ExperientialRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesThis online teaching and learning environment integrates the entire digital textbook with the most effective instructor and student resources With WileyPLUS: Students achieve concept mastery in a rich, structured environment that’s available 24/7 Instructors personalize and manage their course more effectively with assessment, assignments, grade tracking, and more manage time better study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual

Environmental and Economic Impacts

Question: Discuss about the Environmental and Economic Impacts. Answer: Impact of economic slowdown of Chinese economy on Australia This article demonstrated the economic slowdown of the Chinese economy and its subsequent impact on the Australian economy (The Sydney Morning Herald 2016). Australia is concerned with this trend as the country is dependent on China for the purpose of exports. There has been a reduction of the gross domestic product of China which means that there has been a reduced growth of Chinese economy (The Sydney Morning Herald 2016). This trend would imply that there is a low possibility of exports to China and this has posed a threat to the Australian economy. Australian economy would not be able to export to China and hence has to look for alternative countries for the purpose of exposing its products (The Sydney Morning Herald 2016). This issue is also likely to impact the corporate credit. The reduced exports would imply a loss in the national revenue of Australia, which would make the country prone to economic recession. This is because the country has low debt to GDP and the Reserve Ban k would also not be able to support in this regard. There have been negative consequences of the economic recession on the economy of Australia (Tonts Plummer and Argent 2014). The country has not sufficient mechanisms to combat the issue of recession. The economic downturn may damage the budget of the Australian economy. The budget has no clear path from recovery and there has been no support from the investors. There has been historical impact of the recession of the Chinese economy on the Australian economy. There has been slow growth of the Chinese economy over the past decade. This was observed during the late 1990s when there was a significant reform of the labour market (Treasury.gov.au 2016). There was also a sharp increase in the foreign debt of Australia which has led a sharp decline of the value of Australian dollar. This has led to economic reforms in Australia such as removal of import, decline of industry assistance and reduction of tariffs (Treasury.gov.au 2016). The reason is the close integration of Chinese economy with the Australian economy. There has been a shift in the nature of ownership of the services of the economy. The economic recession prompted some public entities to convert themselves to private sectors. The two areas which witnessed the maximum impact of the economic recession are the labour and the financial markets. There has been floating exchange rates as well as fluctuations in the interest rates. There has been modification regarding the compensation structure and there has been a change in the negotiation between workers and the companies (Treasury.gov.au 2016). The Australian economy has allocated better understanding of the Chinese economy. The financial structure of the Australian economy is not robust enough and this poses high risk of recession for the Australian economy. The Australian economy should focus on the core business sector so that a stable environment is being created (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). There should be minimal creation of the disputes and resolving the issues with labour unions. The country must find ways to face the phenomenon of economic recession. References Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. The Sydney Morning Herald. (2016).Australian Breaking News Headlines World News Online | SMH.com.au. [online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/ [Accessed 5 Nov. 2016]. Tonts, M., Plummer, P. and Argent, N., 2014. Path dependence, resilience and the evolution of new rural economies: Perspectives from rural Western Australia.Journal of Rural Studies,36, pp.362-375. Treasury.gov.au. (2016).Treasury Home Page | The Treasury. [online] Available at: https://www.treasury.gov.au/ [Accessed 5 Nov. 2016].

An Overview to Chaos Theory in Sociology

An Overview to Chaos Theory in Sociology Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics; however, it has applications in several disciplines, including sociology and other social sciences. In the social sciences, chaos theory is the study of complex non-linear systems of social complexity. It is not about disorder but rather about very complicated systems of order. Nature, including some instances of social behavior and social systems, is highly complex, and the only prediction you can make is that it is unpredictable. Chaos theory looks at this unpredictability of nature and tries to make sense of it. Chaos theory aims to find the general order of social systems, and particularly social systems that are similar to each other. The assumption here is that the unpredictability in a system can be represented as overall behavior, which gives some amount of predictability, even when the system is unstable. Chaotic systems are not random systems. Chaotic systems have some kind of order, with an equation that determines overall behavior. The first chaos theorists discovered that complex systems often go through a kind of cycle, even though specific situations are rarely duplicated or repeated. For example, say there is a city of 10,000 people. In order to accommodate these people, a supermarket is built, two swimming pools are installed, a library is erected, and three churches go up. In this case, these accommodations please everybody and equilibrium is achieved. Then a company decides to open a factory on the outskirts of town, opening jobs for 10,000 more people. The town then expands to accommodate 20,000 people instead of 10,000. Another supermarket is added, as are two more swimming pools, another library, and three more churches. The equilibrium is thus maintained. Chaos theorists study this equilibrium, the factors that affect this type of cycle, and what happens (what the outcomes are) when the equilibrium is broken. Qualities of a Chaotic System A chaotic system has three simple defining features: Chaotic systems are deterministic. That is, they have some determining equation ruling their behavior.Chaotic systems are sensitive to initial conditions. Even a very slight change in the starting point can lead to significant different outcomes.Chaotic systems are not random, nor disorderly. Truly random systems are not chaotic. Rather, chaos has a send of order and pattern. Concepts There are several key terms and concepts used in chaos theory: Butterfly effect (also called sensitivity to initial conditions): The idea that even the slightest change in the starting point can lead to greatly different results or outcomes.Attractor: Equilibrium within the system. It represents a state to which a system finally settles.Strange attractor: A dynamic kind of equilibrium which represents some kind of trajectory upon which a system runs from situation to situation without ever settling down. Applications in Real-Life Chaos theory, which emerged in the 1970s, has impacted several aspects of real-life in its short life thus far and continues to impact all sciences. For instance, it has helped answer previously unsolvable problems in quantum mechanics and cosmology. It has also revolutionized the understanding of heart arrhythmias and brain function. Toys and games have also developed from chaos research, such as the Sim line of computer games (SimLife, SimCity, SimAnt, etc.).

Tearing, Ripping, and Rending

Tearing, Ripping, and Rending Tearing, Ripping, and Rending Tearing, Ripping, and Rending By Maeve Maddox English is rich in words to describe the act of cutting and pulling things apart, words like tear, rip, hack, slash, stab, and rend. Writers of violent fictionor journalists reporting the daily newscan choose just the right word to describe an injury: A taxi driver hacked an American to death after an argument over a $1.60 fare, Thai officials said late Sunday. [On a New York subway platform], a 24-year-old man was slashed with a Corona bottle in the neck, arms, and hands, and is recovering at Bellevue. Likewise, writers of romance are able to convey degrees of emotional pain by using the words figuratively. It’s the rejection that stabs you in the heart and crushes your soul. Here are six verbs to describe tearing, ripping, and rending: hack: This verb suggests heavy blows, possibly made in the heat of anger. tear: In modern usage, this is the verb we use with paper or another flimsy substance. If complete destruction is meant, we say â€Å"tear to pieces,† or â€Å"tear in pieces.† rip: This word can also be used of tearing paper, but carries a more forceful connotation. rend: A bit old-fashioned, rend has a Biblical ring to it. Mourners rend their garments; the Lord threatens to rend Solomon’s kingdom from him. The past tense is rent: â€Å"When the town of Sunnydale slid into the hellmouth on ‘Buffy,’ my fellow fans and I rent our hair and blubbered.† (OED example) NOTE: Rend is the verb in the expression â€Å"heart-rending†: â€Å"causing intense sorrow or emotional anguish.† Google Ngram Viewer indicates that the frequently heard eggcorn â€Å"heart-wrenching† first appeared in the 1950s. slash: This word suggests a sweeping blow with a sword, although in our day, a broken beer bottle will do. stab: This word implies the thrust of a short weapon, like a dagger. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a UK Business LetterPeople versus Persons5 Examples of Misplaced Modifiers

Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 17

Human Resource Management - Essay Example Labour relations is an important aspect of managing people. Basically, it is a process that involves understanding people and their values, norms, needs and understanding the generation and handling of conflicts. It also involves the understanding of power and trust underpinning the tripartite relationship between the state, employer and employee (Amos et al 2008). All the organisations operate in a dynamic environment during the contemporary period and reforms in the labour relations are indispensable given that they affect the overall performance of the whole organisation in different ways. There are various technological, political, social and economic changes that are taking place in the environment in which organisations operate. This makes change inevitable and LR cannot be an exception since there will be need to take into consideration the actual situation obtaining on the ground. For instance, an employee who fails to perform to the expectations of the organisation is not only costly to it but can affect its overall performance while bad labour laws can also negatively impact on the organisations (Grobler et al 2006). The needs and interests of the employees in particular are constantly changing in response to the changing environment in which the organisations operate. There is need to strike a fine balance among the factors that affect the labour relations such as the state, employees as well as the employers. More importantly, the LR is meant to minimise the chances of conflicts in the workplace. Conflicts are counter-productive since the disgruntled workers will not put optimal effort in their performance. Each particular country has got labour laws that are meant to guide the operations of organisations in a fair manner. To a greater extent, the system of governance obtaining in a given country is responsible for shaping labour laws and this is subject to change. For instance, the

Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Research Project - Essay Example tz, 2002), one of the greatest accomplishments at the onset of the 21st century is the continuous pursuit of fitness since the beginning of our existence. Fitness remains to be paramount to health and well-being. In cognizance of the recognized importance of fitness in the life of everyone, fitness centers or health clubs commonly known as a gym emerged almost everywhere. Fitness gyms cater to almost all age groups but usually to teens, adults and even elderly. The Fitness Center is a health, recreational and social facility geared towards exercise, sports and other physical activities. It may be for a for-profit commercial facility or a community or institutionally supported center. A successful facility will accommodate both the serious athlete and the casual recreational user. (Mion, E.G. 2010) It was found that fitness centers in the past 20 years have not only proven to be popular and very much in demand by fitness conscious consumers but also a very profitable business opportunity. There are many aspects to carefully consider prior to starting a fitness center. However, with careful research and proper planning fitness center can be a fabulous business to start, operate, and own not to mention that it also has the potential to be very profitable. Opening a fitness center requires careful planning and research and the following are some aspects of the business that should be considered: Where will the fitness center be located, how much square footage would be required/ focus of the business (caters to all people or one specific group, service (Will the center be full service meaning optional aerobic classes and one-on-one personal training for clients, staff, marketing, competition(How much does the competition charge?). ( Business Idea Center: Fitness Center) The fitness centers shall continue to be a profitable business venture. It may also important to know that top fitness trends for 2011 include fitness programs for older

Importance of interdisciplinary approach

Importance of interdisciplinary approach 1. Interdisciplinary Approach in IR This paper will analyze the importance of interdisciplinary approach in IR. The complexity of international relations has made it necessary to promote interdisciplinary approach and question the relevance of positivistic science while introducing a set of parameters not previously considered (regimes, social and cultural factors and actors, non-state entities) In my view due to the absence of interdisciplinary approach in IR, theorists were failed to predict major events in history such as the End of Cold War. Methodologies of various international theories did not help in predicting the end of cold war. The third debate between positivist and post positivist give rise the importance of interdisciplinary approach to better understand the world around us. The third debate widened the epistemology of IR. And it allows for more complex understanding on international system. The emergence of transnationals and globalization and its impact on states introduced interdisciplinary approach in IR. Globalization and the interdependency between economics and politics best describes the interdisciplinary nature of international relations. Although politics and economics have been studied separately for analytic purposes and as academic disciplines, and although each has its own paradigms, theories, and methodologies, it has long been recognized that e conomic factors shape political decisions, just as political factors may have a decisive influence on economic choices The realists, the famous school of international relations depict on the assumption that the state system is anarchic, realism depicts a world characterized by security competition and war (Mearshiemer 2002, 93). They also believe that it is possible to create a scientific base, and therefore, they try to be prudent. Critical theorist Cox (1981) questioned the emergence of existing world. The emergence of existing norms and institutions and how it can be changed. All these theories failed to describe scientifically from where state priorities come from and the reason for their change. These approaches have failed to understand or predict major changes in international relations or politics. However, I argue that constructivist scholars to some extent have followed the interdisciplinary approach in IR, such as Fearon and Wendt (2002) tried to bridge a gap between constructivism and rationalism. According to them ontological differences between rationalism and constructivist should be ignored in the study of International Relations. Fearon and Wendt said that there are two areas of convergence that are not taken into account. Both the two theories mostly give parallel, or at least harmonizing, description of international politics, as they are focusing on the same reality. Moreover, even they asks different questions, there are evidences that , other school answer s the question which is asked by opposite school. Therefore I argue that interdisciplinary approach is essential to understand the changing nature and priorities of states. Interdisciplinary approach can help international relations theorists to reach an understanding over the methodology of international relations. Thus, the Interdisciplinary approach can be used to bridge the gap between rationalist and constructivist, and define the systematic changes of international relations. In recent years, I believe that, constructivists have spent time in researching exploring meta-theoretical and ontological similarities between rational and constructivist approaches, therefore constructivist have tried to establish interdisciplinary approach. 2. Comparison Between Constructivist and Rationalist Constructivist and rationalist theories of International Relations often generate opposing propositions and both schools provide empirical evidence to support their claim. However, in this paper I argue that IR scholars should not reject one theory for another. There is a scope in both the theories for bridging the gap. Constructivism, according to Fearon and Wendt 2002 there are no measureable differences between these two approaches. In the first part of the paper I will focus on their differences and later I will argue these differences can be bridged as mentioned by Fearon and Wendt (2002) The visible gap between these two approaches is over ontology, specifically related to the role of international agents and actors. Therefore it can be said that the major difference is on ontological assumptions. Constructivism adds a social dimension that is missing from rationalist approaches. What is rational is seen as a function of legitimacy, defined by shared values and norms within institutions or other social structures rather than purely individual interests. Constructivist stress on a social ontology. Social Constructivism, their ontology gives attention to both social and material realities. Constructivist epistemology gives importance to qualitative and interpretative of seeking evidence. Constructivist focuses more on how structures and agents correlate with each other. Constructivism presents a social dimension which is absent in rationalist theories. Constructivist does not view international relations as a struggle for power. In contrast they emphasize more on the relevance of norms and identities in international relations. Constructivists believe that norms established over a period of time thus, they are deep rooted in international system. In contrast Rationalism believes on individualist ontology they believe on materialism and rigid facts, for rationalist norms, ideas, social element of international relations have no or less value. Similarly rationalist epistemology mainly focuses on the role of actors. Thus, for them state is the most important unit. Thus, they both view international system differently constructivist focus on social dimension and rationalist focus on material dimension of international system. Another major difference between these two theories is in empirical terms as a difference about the emerging issues in the world. However Fearon and Wendt (2002) argue that it is not a significant difference .I will discuss this in the later part of the paper. According to Wendt constructivists proclaims that agents are not an independent actors but they work in relation with social settings. Thus, state interests are not independent variables but they came into being as a result of social settings in which state exists, and thus they are endogenous to states. Another disagreement between rationalist and constructivist is over the role of ideas, both school of thoughts believe that ideas matter but differ on their importance and relevance in international relations. For Rationalists there is a difference between ideas and aspirations. Constructivist treats their descriptive role of ideas in more causal terms than constitutive terms. For Constructivist ideas and norms matter and the importance of ideas and norms cannot be overlooked. For realist ideas are matter but they view them in relation with distribution of power. Their comparison is interesting because they view society from different lenses rationalism through bottom-up and rationalism through top-down approach. However, Fearon and Wendt argue that the differences between these two schools can be bridged. Both the schools are concerned about same issues though they view these issues differently such as theory of war and peace (Wendt), role of internationals norms (Checkel T). Nevertheless, Fearon and Wendt argue that there are areas of possible junction that are inadequately addressed. Therefore, we can say that these schools are researching the same deep rooted realities. Fearon and Wendt further believe that both schools sometimes answers the questions that is asked by another school such as agent and structure question. Other theorists also echoed the same proposition as Fearon and Wendt. Adler (1998) mentioned that taking the middle ground is the base to the constructivist development. Guzzini (2000) argues that constructivisms achievement is somewhat based on its hypothetical place in the middle ground. Constructivist theories does not offer new research areas, but often rationalist and constructivist inquire into the same empirical dimensions as rationalist approaches openly categorize interactions as bargaining procedure. During interactions, actors use their power positions to the bargaining power of other actors to achieve maximizes their interests. Constructivist approaches believe that interactions are done through exchange of arguments. Challenges to Constructivist. There is a criticism on constructivist that they have a tendency to choose a single, descriptive logic of social action and they apply it to all social settings. It is a challenge for constructivist to define the boundaries as critics ask that whether constructivism is a theory of international relations or as a theory of philosophy, or it should be regarded as a bridge building theory between different approaches. Challenges to Rationalist Sindal (2001) argued that the intellectual, data collection, and methodological challenges of linking constructivism and rationalism, more recently an important set of critique grouped loosely under constructivist emphasize certain problems and set aside other issues by assumptions. Rational choice found deficient in explaining who the key actors are, in explaining their interest, origin and or in explaining how these change. The second challenge according to Sindal, that rational approach is not offering anything new, instead they tells us what we already aware of. The third challenge is that rationalist techniques are (Sindal 2001, 73) falsely triumphed over substance The fourth challenge is their weakness in empirical terms; their theories are not tested on strong empirical grounds.(Sindal 2001) The fifth challenge for rationalist is that they give importance to some issues, while leave others issues over assumptions. (Sindal 2001). The last challenge for rationalist is that, rationalist to some extent failed in pointing out major actors of IR, their interests and their origin and how these major actors changes. Role of IOs and Constructivist and Rationalist Perception Traditional international relations international relations (IR) theories such, realist,, rationalist and neo-functionalist theorists, such as realists, neo-functionalists or regime theorists, consider international organizations (IOs) as secondary tools with which to accomplish state goals. Therefore, traditional IR theorists give attention mostly towards the establishment of an IO and inter-state collaboration. As a result, I argue that previously filed of IOs was an under-studied field of IR. Constructivist approaches (Barnett and Finnemore 1999; Coleman and Barnett 2004; Alter 2004) overcome this problem; Michael Barnett and Martha Finnemore counter traditional theory and provide a base for evaluating IOs as parttially independent actors. Barnett and Finnemore argue that IO is a powerful actor and In particular, they argue that IOs have significant autonomy and they gain their power through different ways not necessarily form the limited resources given to them by. Therefore I believe that their analysis regarding IO, acquires an important position in international relations theory. I argue that their analysis helps us in studying role of IOs in International Relations. IOs have gained much importance in IR. Therefore their analysis of the failure of IOs is also important. However, apart from their strengths in studying IOs their weakness lies in the fact that their primary focus is on IOs and they ignore the role of states in influencing IOs. Therefore, after analyzing the weakness and strength of constructivist and rationalist, I argue that middle-ground approach between rationalist and constructivist might help in better understanding the role of IOs and the influence of states on IOs. The bridge-building effort, as Alexander Wendt (2001) suggested, add greater amount of depth to each perspective. In the first part of this paper, I will discuss the similarities and dissimilarities between Constructivist and Rationalist. Barnett and Finnemore (1999) argued that rationalist theories view IO, staff as egoistic and self centered individuals who want to maximize their interest and hidden goals. Therefore, Finnemore argues that Rationalist and neo liberal institutionalist ignore the role of IOs and give attention to states only. Therefore, rationalist does not view IOs as independent actors whose interests are shaped by outside environment in which the exists. There are very few rationalist scholars who understand the importance of IO-state relationship (Milner, 1997). Therefore according to Checkel (1998) rationalist view does not provide a deeper analysis the possibility that the effects of institutions reach deeper, to the level of interests and identity (Checkel 1998). Therefore it can be said that constructivist theorists gives a more clear picture of IOs their interest, capabilities, organizational structure and its social implications on world. Constructivist and rationalist, both agree that the aim of IO staff is to survive but constructivist view survival not in terms of advancing their own interests but the interest and mandate of IOs. According to Coleman and Barnett (2004) the aim is to produce suitable policies through the adaptation of existing rules and new tasks, thus it gives IOs more space to be more capable and effective in their mandate. Therefore it is clear that constructivist focus on social context, however this point of view is unable to point out the circumstances under which IO staff realize their individual preferences. This paper merges rationalist and constructivist approaches to discover the conditions that enable IO officials to exercise their power. Therefore, in this paper I tried to show that constructivist describes the reasons of IO preferences; on the other hand rationalist describes the power of IOs to achieve their preferences. Therefore, I believe that realist and neo-liberalist did not offer complete set of reasons behind IO actions. The cooperation among states may foster as a result of norms being established in these institutions. Constructivist approach deals with these issues like preference formation but it is unclear on some aspects of social context. Therefore I argue that both constructivist and rationalist approach should fused together in order to better understand IO dependence and independence. 3. Philosophy of Science and International Relations The debate is still going on the status of international relations that whether it is a science or not. The debate has divided international relation scholars into two camps. The question whether IR is a science or not is still unresolved as scholars are not sure that the basis of IR is scientific. However many attempts have been by made by scholars establish IR as a science. In this article I will argue that scholars should continue their debate on the utility of Philosophy of Social Science in international politics or IR. As debate is always healthy and give rise to various theories that can better help in understanding the role of POS in IR or politics. Scholars and theorists should focus on what changes philosophy of science can offer by incorporating it in the field of international relations. Indeed IR scholars have tried to bridge a gap between science and IR to build the sound foundation of IR. I argue that building of solid foundation of IR on scientific basis is necessary to prove that IR theories can be tested scientifically. Scientific foundation of IR is necessary to show the validity of IR theories in real world. However, scholars who were inclined towards scientific foundation of IR have divided theories of IR into two categories positivist and post-positivist. Positivist theories have their foundations in the methods of the natural sciences by focusing on the impact of material forces. Positivist focus in international relations is on areas such as state relations, size of military forces, balance of powers etc. The positivist scholar Kenneth Waltz (1979) have argued that instrumentalism is an attempt to make IR more scientific and that he has found a more solid social scientific base for realist. He However, in present era the most prominent advocates of philosophy of social science are Colin Wight and Alexander Wendt. Both of them belongs to post-positivist camp and have tried to build a foundation of IR on philosophy of Social science that is acceptable to other camps such as positivist. However, the debate between positivist and post-positivist has not yielded any result so far thus; it is still unclear what should be the relation of science with IR. The first attempts were made by behaviouralist to make IR more scientific as Wight argues that before behaviouralist, scholars were not concerned about the relationship of science with IR. Behaviorist argued that there should be systematic study of IR based on evidence; therefore they reject the traditional historical theories of IR. In supporting the case for the scientific study of international relations, Alexander Wendts model of scientific realism conserved many residue of the positivist model of science.Wendt established a middle way between the positivist and post-positivist struggle. Scientific Realism therefore has tried to protect both positivist and anti-positivist theories in opposition to the efforts made by foundationalist to leave them out. It thus tries to create a room for a sort of inter-disciplinary dialogue in the discipline; they tried to make this debate as problem solving. Arguably there are, which is why constructivism has been contentious among philosophers of social science. The first thing that can be noted is that because of its focus on analysis of inter-subjective normative frameworks, a strong emphasis emerges among (especially moderate) social constructivists on tracing the contours of existing normative consensus in society, or in social sciences. To conclude, I would like to say that scholars should make an effort to understand POS in relation with Politics and IR, which I think now badly understood. Therefore as I mentioned earlier that debate should not be closed and we should not discard POS as BS but we should continue the debate to understand complexities of POS in order to better understand IR. And to answer the question why should we study POS and continue the debate of POS and its relationship with IR is that POS lies in the foundation of IR, I believe that without understanding POS we cannot understand dynamics of International politics or IR. References Adler, Emanuel. 2002. Constructivism and International Relations. In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, Beth Simmons, Editors. Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications Chapter 5 24 pages Bevir, Mark and R. Rhodes. 2002. Interpretive Theory. In David Marsh and Gerry Stoker, Editors. Theory and Methods in Political Science. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan Pages 131-52 21 pages Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2007. Constructivism and EU Politics. In Knud Erik Joergensen, Mark Pollack, Ben Rosamond, Editors. Handbook of European Union Politics. London: Sage Publications 30 pages Cox, Robert. 1986. Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory. In Robert Keohane, Editor. Neorealism and Its Critics. NY: Columbia University Press Chapter 8 50 pages Fearon, James and Alexander Wendt. 2002. Rationalism v. Constructivism: A Skeptical View. In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, Beth Simmons, Editors. Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications Chapter 3 21 pages Finnemore, Martha. 1996. National Interests in International Society. Ithaca: Cornell University Press Chapter 1 25 pages George, Alexander. 1974. Theory for Policy in International Relations. In Alexander George. Deterrence in American Foreign Policy: Theory and Practice. NY: Columbia University Press Appendix 26 pages Gourevitch, Peter. 2002. Domestic Politics and International Relations. In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, Beth Simmons, Editors. Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications Chapter 16 19 pages Hopf, Ted. 2002. Social Construction of International Politics: Identities and Foreign Policies, Moscow, 1955 and 1999. Ithaca: Cornell University Press Chapters 1, 6 76 pages Jackson, Robert and Georg SÃ ¸rensen. 2003. Introduction to International Relations: Theories and Approaches, 2nd Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press Chapters 8, 9 40 pages Keohane, Robert. 1984. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press Chapters 1, 6 37 pages Marsh, David and Paul Furlong. 2002. A Skin not a Sweater: Ontology and Epistemology in Political Science. In David Marsh and Gerry Stoker, Editors. Theory and Methods in Political Science. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan Pages 17-41 25 pages Matthew, Richard and Mark Zacher. 1995. Liberal International Theory: Common Threads, Divergent Strands. In Charles Kegley, Editor. Controversies in International Relations Theory: Realism and the Neoliberal Challenge. NY: St. Martins Press Chapter 5 43 pages Mearsheimer, John. 2001. The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. NY: W.W. Norton Chapter 2 26 pages Risse, Thomas, Stephen Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink, Editors. 1999. The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Chapter 1 38 pages Schmidt, Brian. 2002. On the History and Historiography of International Relations. In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, Beth Simmons, Editors. Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications Chapter 1 19 pages Smith, Steve. 1996. Positivism and Beyond. In Ken Booth, Steve Smith and Marysia Zalewski, Editors. International Theory: Positivism and Beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Chapter 1 36 pages Snidal, Duncan. 2002. Rational Choice and International Relations. In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, Beth Simmons, Editors. Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications Chapter 4 22 pages Tickner, J. Ann. 2002. Feminist Perspectives on International Relations. In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, Beth Simmons, Editors. Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications Chapter 14 16 pages Van Evera, Stephen. 1997. Guide to Methods for Students of Political Science. Ithaca: Cornell University Press Chapters 1, 2 82 pages Waltz, Kenneth. 1986. Laws and Theories. In Robert Keohane, Editor. Neorealism and Its Critics. NY: Columbia University Press Chapter 2 19 pages Wight, Colin. 2002. Philosophy of Science and International Relations. In Walter Carlsnaes, Thomas Risse, Beth Simmons, Editors. Handbook of International Relations. London: Sage Publications Chapter 2 29 pages

Mussolini and Hitler Essay -- essays research papers

Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler As World War II (WWII) approached, Mussolini announced his intention of annexing Malta, Corsica, and Tunis. He spoke of creating a "New Roman Empire" that would stretch east to Palestine and south through Libya and Egypt to Kenya. In April 1939, after a brief war, he annexed Albania, a campaign which strained his military. His armed forces are generally considered to have been unprepared for combat when the German invasion of Poland led to World War II. Mussolini thus decided to remain 'non-belligerent' until he was quite certain which side would win. On June 10, 1940, as the Germans under General Guderian reached the English Channel, Mussolini declared war on Britain and France. In October, Italy attacked Greece and lost in result 1/3 of Albania, until Germany attacked Greece as well. In June 1941, he declared war on the Soviet Union and in December he declared war on the United States. Following Italian defeats on all fronts and the Anglo-American landing in Sicily in 1943, most of Mussolini's colleagues (Count Galeazzo Ciano, the foreign minister and also Mussolini's son-in-law, included) turned against him at a meeting of the Fascist Grand Council on July 25, 1943. King Vittorio Emanuele III called Mussolini to his palace and stripped the dictator of his power. Upon leaving the palace, Mussolini was swiftly arrested. He was then sent to Gran Sasso, a mountain recovery in central Italy (Abruzzo), in complete isolation. Mussolini was subst...

Examination Of The Wonthaggi Desalination Plant Environmental Sciences Essay

Desalination is a procedure of taking extra salts and minerals from saltwater to do it suited for human ingestion. Counties in the Middle East and the Mediterranean have been utilizing desalinization for a long clip to fulfill their H2O demands and it is going progressively popular in states like the United States, Australia and Europe as demand for H2O continues to turn with turning population and diminishing precipitation forms ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . Wonthaggi desalinization works is a large budget desalinization works presently under building on a clear farming area on the Bass Coast. The site for the desalinization works is about five 100 metres inland from the coastline. The Desalination Project Team, which is moving as advocate on behalf of the State is a portion of the Capital Projects Division. This undertaking is a Public-Private Partnership and Project ‘s substructure includes an belowground saltwater intake tunnel that will run from the works to an offshore loc ation on the seafloor, an belowground mercantile establishment tunnel that will run from the works to an offshore location on the seafloor and discharge seawater dressed ore, and an belowground transportation grapevine for the fresh water that will be produced and a power supply ( Victoria, 2008 ) . The desalinization works will supply upto150 gigalitres of H2O per twelvemonth which can be increased to 200 gigalitres per twelvemonth in the hereafter. An estimated 480 litres of saltwater will be pumped in and 280 billion litres of saline concentration or seawater will be pumped back out into the ocean every twelvemonth ( 2009 ) . The works will be utilizing energy signifier brown coal which will breathe one million metric tons of C dioxide every twelvemonth. There is besides wind farm that is proposed to be built 100s of kilometres off as an beginning ( Heislers ) . This works, which is traveling to be Victoria ‘s largest substructure undertaking of all time, is expected to be completed by the terminal of 2011. Marine Impact of Desalination Plant: The desalinization works may be able to supply some alleviation for Victoria ‘s H2O deficit crisis, but it will hold many long term and possibly even irreversible Marine, costal and environmental impacts. For the intent of this essay, we will merely see Marine and coastal impacts. The works is being built behind a foreshore modesty and a dune system and building and operation of the desalinization works will hold many negative impacts on the environing country ( Heislers ) . Construction: Construction will do a batch of harm on land and seabed when sand, clay and other seabed home grounds will be disrupted during boring and puting grapevines ( Smyth, 2007 ) . Operation: Marine life loss- Once the works is to the full operational, it is estimated that about 40 metric tons of sea life will turn up dead every twenty-four hours when molluscs, weed, larvae, algae, fish/fish eggs, plankton will be sucked in through the pipes near the consumption countries and larger mari0ne animate beings will be trapped by the screens around the consumption countries ( Heislers ) . A survey on desalinization workss conducted in the United States revealed that around 55,000 invertebrates and 78,000 fish died each twelvemonth after acquiring stuck on the screens near the intake country. Whereas, other smaller animals died after being sucked up by the pipes. It is rather good cognize how the remotion of one key species can interrupt the nutrient concatenation and consequence in species loss. Loss of these marine animate beings will modify nutrient concatenation and vastly impact the life rhythms ( Smyth, 2007 ) . Toxic Discharge- One of the biggest impacts of the desalinization works will come from the warm seawater that will be discharged as waste into the ocean which can kill marine animate beings. Surveies on the impact of desalinization discharge on marine life demo a decrease in echinoderms ( starfish, sea urchins etc. ) densenesss near the discharge countries. There was besides a important addition in leaf mortification and a decrease in carbohydrate storage in foliage tissues which was linked to increased alimentary handiness and exposure to the seawater. Research suggests that these marine workss are really sensitive to seawaters as they can undergo mortification from an addition of merely 1-2 parts per trillion in salt ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . Apart from being warm, it will be extremely concentrated and loaded with chemicals. Desalination works surveies in Western Australia found that the discharge could increase the temperature of Waterss within a seven square kilometer country environing the escape pipe by 0.1 to 0.5 & A ; deg ; C ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . A batch of chemicals like Cl, which is used in pretreatments such as cleansing of pipes, can harm the home ground. Chemicals like these can alter degree of O in H2O and warm seawater can raise temperature of sea H2O near the gap of the mercantile establishment. Tests done on H2O quality environing a desalinization works in Florida revealed that about 45 kilograms Cu was being discharged every twenty-four hours. The concentration of Cu was 5-10 times higher than normal concentrations and exceeded toxicity thresholds for native species ( David A. Roberts, 2010 ) . One of the deductions of outflowing discharge is that it can congregate in an country instead than scatter due to hapless circulation which will make a dead zone and change the ecosystem around the discharge country ( Heislers ) . Even the slightest alteration in ecosystem can impact fish migration, as they will hold to migrate from their nor mal eating and genteelness countries which will besides do them vulnerable to other marauders ( Smyth, 2007 ) . Noise- There will be a important addition in the degree of submerged noise due to high force per unit area pumps which will take to habitat debasement. Local giant populations, along with populations of seal, great white shark and penguin will be affected negatively ( Heislers ) . Regulative Model: There are many province and commonwealth Acts of the Apostless that manage environmental and marine impacts caused by the building and operation of the desalinization works. State Acts of the Apostless include the Environmental Protection act, Flora and Fauna Guarantee act, Planning and Environment act, and Coastal Management act. Whereas the Commonwealth act includes the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation ( EPBC ) act.

In what respects, if any, has A.V. Diceystripartite definition of parliamentary sovereignty become an anachronism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1325 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Introduction A. V. Diceys traditional definition of parliamentary sovereignty cast Parliament as the supreme legislative force in the British constitution.[1] The verdict was given in 1885, prior to many of the pressing constitutional changes of the twentieth century. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "In what respects, if any, has A.V. Diceystripartite definition of parliamentary sovereignty become an anachronism?" essay for you Create order His definition had three aspects. First, Parliament is the supreme law-maker, entitled to formulate and pass any law that it wishes. Second, the supremacy of legislation means that no other constitutional body, including the courts, can question it. Third, no Parliament is able to bind its successors or alternatively been bound by its predecessors. This essay will assess the traditional Diceyan view in the context of modern developments. Parliament as supreme law-maker Parliaments status as the only body able to formulate and pass legislation has its roots in the conflict between the monarchy and the legislature in the seventeenth century, when the king attempted to rule by prerogative. The Bill of Rights that followed in 1689 subordinated the monarchy and the judiciary to Parliaments supreme law-making power.[2] Parliament can even go so far as to pass laws with retrospective force, as it did with the War Damage Act 1965 to deny compensation to an oil company whose installations had been damaged during the Second World War.[3] In the recent landmark case of R (Jackson) v AG,[4] Parliaments ability to use the Parliament Act 1911 to amend the Parliament Act 1949 was questioned in the light of the controversial Hunting Act of 2004. This would have represented an existential challenge to parliamentary supremacy. However, the House of Lords concluded that in fact there were no limits to the type of laws that Parliament could pass using the Parliam ent Acts, except where Parliament had limited itself by limitations in the legislation. It may be argued that the trend towards devolution does in fact serve to undermine Parliaments supreme position. However, it is perhaps truer to say that devolution limits Parliaments jurisdiction rather than its authority. The most powerful devolved body, the Scottish Parliament, has carved out powers over many areas including health policy and criminal justice, but can scarcely be regarded as a rival to a Parliament whose authority delegated those powers in the first place.[5] In the light of the recent independence referendum the Scottish Parliament will expand its remit further, but will not be able to overrule Westminster where the UK Parliament retains jurisdiction.[6] Deference to Acts of Parliament The deference of the executive and judiciary to Parliament is underpinned by the Bill of Rights 1689, which drastically reduced monarchical power and prevented the courts from overruling statute with common law.[7] The House of Lords in Jackson was keen to stress that while it was free to interpret the wording of the Hunting Act 2004, it could not question the standing of Parliament by challenging the law itself with reference to the earlier Parliament Acts. Although the case was controversial, the House of Lords approach in fact neatly illustrated the supremacy of Acts of Parliament. Unlike the US system, there can be no recourse to a supreme court to plead on the unconstitutional nature of legislation. Indeed, the traditional view of supremacy was confirmed in the case of Pickin v British Railways Board,[8] in which the House of Lords had declared that the courts had no power to challenge the validity of an Act of Parliament (this is sometimes known as the enrolled bill rule). Arguably, the only challenge to the validity of Acts of Parliament now emanates from the European Union, whose Court of Justice can strike down Member State legislation which does not accord with EU primary legislation. This was evident in the infamous Factortame case[9], in which it was held that the UKs Merchant Shipping Act 1988 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" designed to prevent Spanish trawlers from fishing in British waters by registering their boats as British à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" was invalid because it derogated from EU law, which is supreme over national law. For the UK Parliament this painfully illustrated the vulnerability of Acts of Parliament to scrutiny by an outside body.[10] However, it is doubtful that the episode presents an existential challenge to parliamentary supremacy because at any time Parliament could itself extricate itself from EU scrutiny by legislating to leave the European Union. Nor does the Human Rights Act 1998 pose a real challenge to supremacy. As one com mentator points out, Parliament is free to choose not to amend a provision of the Act even when it has been declared incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights by a judge.[11] The principle of binding successive parliaments It has been suggested on the basis of constitutional nature of the European Communities Act 1972 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" which incorporates the law of the EU into the domestic law of the UK à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" that in practical terms Parliament is not free to repeal all the legislation of its predecessors.[12] In Thoburn v Sunderland City Council,[13] Lord Justice Laws suggested that there were a variety of so-called constitutional statutes (including the ECA 1972) that Parliament could only expressly repeal, but not impliedly. On the face of it, this seemed to produce a measure of uncertainty both with regard to which statutes were in fact constitutional statutes, and whether implied repeal could be challenged in the courts. In fact, given the established convention that the courts cannot question the validity of Acts of Parliament (including those that repeal previous Acts), it is doubtful that even implied repeal could give rise to conflict. In any event, Parliament could simply legislate to expressly repeal certain statutes such as the ECA 1972 that were regarded in Thoburn as constitutional. Further, it is doubtful that executive dominance (the so-called elective dictatorship) could compromise the principle of not binding successor Parliaments because the executive does not have statutory tools at its disposal that could override Acts of Parliament. Conclusion There is no doubt that certain constitutional developments of the twentieth and first part of the current century, particularly in relation to the UKs membership of the European Union and the tendency towards devolution in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, have provided a series of challenges to the traditional Diceyan view of parliamentary supremacy. Nevertheless, in practice the three elements that Dicey espouses have held up remarkably well, and it will be intriguing to see if this continues. Bibliography Case Law Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75 HL Edinburgh Dalkeith Railway Co v Wauchope (1842) UKHL J12 Pickin v British Railways Board [1974] AC 765 HL R (Jackson) v AG [2005] UKHL 56 R v Secretary of State for Transport ex p. Factortame [1990] UKHL 7 Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] EWHC 195 Legislation European Communities Act 1972 Human Rights Act 1998 Parliament Act 1911 Parliament Act 1947 War Damage Act 1965 Secondary Sources Allen, M. Thompson, B. Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law (10th ed, OUP, 2011) Bell, C. Constitutional transitions: the peculiarities of the British constitution and the politics of comparison in Public Law (2014) July, 446-71 Dicey, A. V. An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Elibron, 1982) Judge, D. The Parliamentary State (OUP, 1993) Smyth, D. Reeling in the years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the Factortame saga in Practice and Procedure (1999) Dec 85-6 Tomkins, A. Public Law (2003, OUP) Unauthored case comment, Constitutional law: status of the ECA in Public Law (2002) June 351 Footnotes Albert Venn Dicey, An Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Elibron, 1982) 37-82 David Judge, The Parliamentary State (OUP, 1993) 20 Burmah Oil v Lord Advocate [1965] AC 75 HL [2005] UKHL 56 Christine Bell, Constitutional transitions: the peculiarities of the British constitution and the politics of comparison in Public Law (2014) July, 446-71 Charles Livingstone, Constitutional debate rumbles on after No vote in In-House Lawyer (2014) Nov 53-55 Michael Allen Brian Thompson, Cases and Materials on Constitutional and Administrative Law (10th ed, OUP, 2011) 55 [1974] AC 765 HL; this was a restatement of a position in Edinburgh Dalkeith Railway Co v Wauchope (1842) UKHL J12. R v Secretary of State for Transport ex p. Factortame [1990] UKHL 7 David Smyth Reeling in the years à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" the Factortame saga in Practice and Procedure (1999) Dec 85-6 Adam Tomkins, Public Law (2003,OUP) 122 Unauthored case comment, Constitutional law: status of the ECA in Public Law (2002) June 351 [2002] EWHC 195